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Zoology > Taxonomy and Phylogeny ch 10 > Flashcards

Taxonomy and Phylogeny ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Systematic Zoology

A

the science of organizing and understanding relationships of animals

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2
Q

What are the three components of systematic zoology?

A

Taxonomy, phylogenetics, and cladistics

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3
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms

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4
Q
  • the study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities
    -the study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities – often species, individuals or genes(which may be referred to as taxa).
A

phylogenetics

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5
Q

cladistics

A

a system of taxonomy in which the organisms are classified into clades (groups) based on collective characteristics and having common ancestry.

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6
Q

what is taxon and plural of it?

A

major grouping of organisms/ species
-plural - taxa

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7
Q

is species plural or singular?

A

trick question, you use the same word for both

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8
Q

taxonomic rank

A

The Linnaean category (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, and variations thereof) into which a recognized taxon is placed

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9
Q

Linnaeus’s system for naming species is called ___________ ___________.

A

binomial nomenclature

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10
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

the Linnaean system of naming species, in which the first word is the name of the genus (first letter capitalized) and the second word is the specific epithet (uncapitalized), usually an adjective modifying the name of the genus. Both of these words are written in italics.

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11
Q

Classification

A

Place living organisms into taxonomic groups

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12
Q

what are the original taxonomic ranks?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and species

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13
Q

Is classification static or continually evolving or is species static or continually evolving?

A

Classification is static, but species are continually evolving

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14
Q

Classification

A

groups animals based on common features

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15
Q

Systematization

A

groups animals based on common descent
(sharing a common ancestor)

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16
Q

What are the three fundamental ideas of species concepts

A

1.Common descent
2.Smallest distinct grouping
3.Reproductive community

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17
Q

Common descent

A

derived from common ancestral population

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18
Q

smallest distinct groupings

A

species be the least inclusive population or lineage of populations having a unique history of common descent

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19
Q

Reproductive community and what do they do for sexual and asexual populations?

A

members of a species must form a reproductive community that excludes members of other species
* Sexual populations interbreed
* Asexual populations respond as a unit to evolutionary forces

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20
Q

Typological (Morphological) Species Concept

A

A species is a set of organisms that resemble one another and is distinct from other sets

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21
Q

what species concept?
– Relies on morphological similarity; defines phenotypic group
– Holotype (type) specimen is the idealized form against which all
other specimens are compared
– Scientists today still define a holotype and paratypes

A

typological (Morphological) Species Concept

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22
Q

Holotype (type)

A

a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described

23
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

24
Q

what is the species concept?
* Species = interbreeding population reproductively isolated from other interbreeding populations
* Defines a mechanism (process) for speciation

A

Biological Species Concept

25
Q

What are the problems with Biological Species Concept

A
  • Problems
    – No consideration of time; can’t assess ability of fossil forms to reproduce
    – Difficult to apply to asexually reproducing organisms
    – How much reproductive isolation is necessary? hybrids occur
26
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

a species is a “tip” on a phylogeny, that is, the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets.

27
Q

What species concept?
* Species is irreducible (smallest possible) grouping of organisms
distinct from other groupings
– Based on pattern of ancestry and descent
– Recognizes species as a lineage (includes fossils)
– Includes asexual populations
* Emphasis on independently evolved groups of organisms
* Defines pattern of speciation (evolution), not the process
* New techniques (e.g., DNA barcoding) and data lead to constant
re-evaluation of species concepts

A

Phylogenetic Species Concept

28
Q

Cosmopolitan

A

very large or global

29
Q

endemic

A

restricted to a
single place or small area

30
Q

All species have a __________ __________ which can be
Cosmopolitan (very large or global) or endemic (restricted to a single place or small area)

A

Geographic Range

31
Q

How does speciation occur?

A

when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics

32
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Geographic separation of species

33
Q

Allopatric speciation happens in what two ways?

A
  1. Vicariant speciation (habitat fragments)
  2. Founder event (dispersal)
34
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation occurs within single habitat (no physical separation)

35
Q

Parapatric Speciation

A

Species share a border, but neither successfully crosses to interbreed

36
Q

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

A

is to describe evolutionary relationships in terms of relative recency of common ancestry
-Reconstructs evolutionary history (Phylogeny) of all extinct an extant members of a species

37
Q

characters

A

Sources of information
Anything that can be described or measured

38
Q

Characters shared due to common ancestry are ____________

A

homologous

39
Q

homology

A

character shares evolutionary origin

40
Q

Homoplasy

A

characters look similar or share similar function but
do not share common evolutionary origin (e.g. insect & bird wings)

41
Q

Characters have polarity that are __________ or _________

A

ancestral or derived

42
Q

Ancestral characters

A

are primitive characters found in the common
ancestor
– Usually define larger groups; multiple lineages
– Teeth are found in amniotes, but not birds
A) must have been present in the ancestor to all amniotes & lost in birds
OR
B) Evolved separately in each amniote group except for birds

43
Q

Derived characters

A

are evolved states of the original character
– Usually define smaller groups or subsets of a lineage
– Teeth are only lost in birds; loss of teeth is derived

44
Q

Outgroup comparison – do close relatives of amniotes have teeth?

A

– Teeth are found in fish and amphibians
– Teeth are not found in invertebrates
– Teeth must have evolved in the common ancestor of vertebrates; therefore teeth are
ancestral, loss in birds is derived

45
Q

Clade definition and what is another term for clade?

A

a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor.
-monophyletic group

46
Q

Synapomorphy

A

-shared derived character (homologous character)
-a character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution from a common ancestral form.

47
Q

Cladogram

A

branching diagram; shows nested hierarchy of
monophyletic groups
-Nested hierarchy of monophyletic groups (clades) defined by synapomorphies; shows relationships of groups

48
Q

What are two types of cladograms?

A

Nested Hierarchy and ‘angle’ diagram

49
Q

Monophyletic grouping

A

A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor

50
Q

Paraphyletic grouping

A

a group of any size and systematic rank that originated from a single common ancestor, but does not – as opposed to a monophyletic group – contain all descendants from this ancestor

51
Q

Polyphyletic grouping

A

an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin.
-Descendants do not share common ancestor

52
Q

In Zoology the 32 phyla are
grouped as follows:

A

Bilateria
Protostomia
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomia

53
Q

Animal Life: 3 main Divisions;

A

Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Zoology (23 decks)

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