Animal Architecture ch 9 Flashcards
name the five grades of organization in organismal complexity.
Protoplasmic, cellular, cell-tissue, tissue-organ, organ-system
Protoplasmic
-the living part of the cell, which comprises of different cellular organelles
-unicellular eukaryotes; all functions within the cell
Cellular
aggregation of cells with some division of labor(different jobs)
cell-tissue
cells grouped to perform single function
-aggregation of cells that form tissue
tissue- organ
multiple tissue types together form functional unit
- aggregations of tissues that form organs
organ-system
Most animals have organ systems that work together
- aggregations of organs that form systems
any plane divides the body into equal halves (round or ball-shaped)
Spherical Symmetry
divide into equal halves by more than 2 planes through the longitudinal
axis (‘pie slice’)
Radial Symmetry
divide along longitudinal axis into 2 equal halves
Bilateral Symmetry
when the organism can be divided up into equal parts, but only in two planes
biradial symmetry
In Protostomes the Coelom forms by ____________
schizocoely
In deuterostomes the coelom forms by ___________
enterocoely
Acoelomate – mass of spongy cells (__________) fills body
parenchyma
Vertebrate Tissue Types
4 Types:
* Epithelial
* Connective
* Muscle
* Nervous
Coelomate (Eucoelomate) – mesoderm lines the body cavity (__________) and mesodermal mesenteries suspend organs
peritoneum
Epithelial Tissue
Sheet of cells that covers external or internal surface
Simple squamous epithelium
is composed of flattened cells that form a continuous lining of blood capillaries, lungs, and other surfaces where it permits diffusion of gases and transport of other molecules into and out of cavities
cuboidal epithelium
boxlike cells; lines
ducts and tubules (e.g., kidney & glands)
Simple columnar epithelium
tall cells; highly
absorptive; e.g., gut
Stratified squamous epithelium
2+ layers;
withstand mechanical abrasion (e.g., skin, esophagus, anus, vagina)
Connective Tissues
Serve binding and supporting functions
generally few cells; mostly fibers in ground substance
What are four types of connective tissue and something about them?
Loose Connective Tissue:
-Anchors blood vessels, nerves, and organs
Dense Connective Tissue:
-Tendons, ligaments, fasciae Lots of collagen
Cartilage:
Semirigid matrix with chondrocytes, Not vascularized
Bone:
Calcified matrix, collagen fibers, and osteocytes, Vascularized
What is the most abundant tissue in the body?
muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
long, multinucleate fibers; voluntary contraction (conscious control), used for movement
cardiac muscle
branching uninucleate fibers; involuntary control, heart
Smooth (visceral) muscle
long, uninucleate, tapering cells; involuntary, surrounds blood vessels
and organs (e.g., intestine); most common type in invertebrates
Nervous Tissue
Receive stimuli and conduct impulses
Consists of neurons and neuroglia
9.9 Describe the advantages of larger body size in animals.
- Energy cost of moving a gram of body weight
is less for larger animals - Larger animals need more energy and oxygen
but maintaining body temperature is less per
gram - Protection against environmental fluctuations
- Overall larger animals are more efficient
9.10 Why does complexity increase with increased body size?
*Body size increases with increasing complexity
*Problems of large body size.
– As body increases in size, there is less surface area compared to volume.
– Large animals have inadequate surface area
to provide respiration and nutrient flow to cells deep in the body (Surface area: volume
relationship).
– Flattening or invaginating surfaces can help
– Most develop complex internal transport
systems
– Helpful video in D2L
Complexity and Body Size
9.4 What is meant by segmentation? Name 3 phyla that show segmentation.
segmentation permits greater body mobility and complexity of structure and function. Its potential is amply displayed in phy- lum Arthropoda, the largest assemblage of animals on earth. Seg- mentation occurs in phylum Chordata in addition to Annelida and Arthropoda (see Figure 9.6), although superficial segmentation of ectoderm and body wall may appear among diverse groups of animals.
