Taxonomy and Founders

Question 1

Who is credited with making the first microscope? How did they discover the microbial world?

Answer 1

Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723); he looked at a drop of water

Question 2

List 5 sections of an original microscope.

Answer 2

Lens; location of specimen on pin; specimen-positioning screw; focusing control; stage-positioning screw

Question 3

__________ is considered the father of microbiology. Called the first existence of microorganisms as ________ and built over ___ microscopes in his lifetime. Microbiology did not develop much as a field of study for another _____ years.

Answer 3

Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek; animalcules; 400; 200

Question 4

Philosophers and scientists of past ages thought life arose from 3 processes:

Answer 4

Asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction and from nonliving matter - spontaneous generation (proposed by Aristotle) or abiogenesis

Question 5

What experiment did Francesco Redi do in 1668 do to disprove spontaneous generation?

Answer 5

Separating maggots from spoiled meat by placing a gauze on top of the container.

Question 6

What is the Germ Disease?

Answer 6

Microbes called pathogens are responsible for causing infections.

Question 7

What experiment provided the basis for the germ disease?

Answer 7

Pasteur’s sawn-neck flask experiment

Question 8

How do we know which pathogens cause a disease (4 steps).

Answer 8

1. Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts.
2. Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3. When agent is introduced to a healthy host, the host must get the disease.
4. Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.

Question 9

What did Koch realize when he used different petri dishes to grow bacteria? What did he suggest after his realization?

Answer 9

That different bacteria had different visual appearances and different growth requirements; bacteria be divided into species based on their unique properties

Question 10

How are organisms named and classified? Who first developed it?

Answer 10

Through the taxonomy system: a system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together; Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s

Question 11

Define taxonmy.

Answer 11

The science of classifying and naming organisms.

Question 12

What did Linnaeus’ phylogeny look like at first? What did Ernst Haeckel do to the phylogeny?

Answer 12

Linnaeus only included plant and animal kingdoms; included protista for unicellular organisms and monera for unicellular organisms lacking nuclei (ex. bacteria)

Question 13

What did Whittaker proposed adding as the 5th kingdom in 1969?

Answer 13

Adding fungi.

Question 14

What codes for ribosomal RNA? What can this be used as?

Answer 14

Certain regions of DNA; used to compare all forms of life

Question 15

List 3 things about rRNA.

Answer 15

rRNA is present in ribosomes and all forms of life have ribosomes; highly conserved in their sequences (not changing much over time); long enough to show a deep view of evolutionary relationships

Question 16

Woese used rRNA to show what?

Answer 16

That there are organisms that were distinct from Bacteria and Eukarya.

Question 17

What are the 3 domains of life?

Answer 17

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 18

From the common ancestral cell type, _______ & _______ diverged from each other ~ __ billion years ago. ________ diverged from archaea __ billion years ago. Earth is ~________ years old. Bacteria emerged ~________ years ago.

Answer 18

Bacteria; archaea; 3.8; eukarya; 2; 4.6 billion; 4.3 billion

Question 19

What is the acronym for all the taxon levels? State the taxons.

Answer 19

Do Kids Play Cards On Fifth Grade Steps; Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 20

How are organisms named? What are some rules?

Answer 20

Binomial nomenclature (2-word naming system); (if hand written) underline both words and capitalize 1st one, (if typed) capitalize 1st word and typed in italics