Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between DNA polymerase I and III?

A

DNA Polymerase III is the main enzyme for DNA synthesis, adding nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction and proofreading with 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity. DNA Polymerase I removes RNA primers with 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity and replaces them with DNA.

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2
Q

Is DNA polymerase III an exonuclease that removes primers?

A

No, DNA Polymerase III cannot remove primers. DNA Polymerase I removes primers using 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity and fills the gaps with DNA.

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3
Q

Does primase synthesize small pieces of RNA to start synthesis of new DNA strands?

A

Yes, primase synthesizes small RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA polymerase to initiate DNA synthesis.

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4
Q

What is the difference between topoisomerase II and IV?

A

Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) relieves supercoiling ahead of the replication fork. Topoisomerase IV separates newly replicated daughter chromosomes (decatenation) at the end of replication.

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5
Q

What cuts DNA to release daughter chromosomes and reseals DNA?

A

Topoisomerase IV cuts intertwined DNA strands to release daughter chromosomes and reseals the DNA.

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6
Q

What are two structural features of mRNA that are needed by eukaryotic cells but not by bacterial cells? What purpose do these features serve?

A

The 5’ cap protects mRNA from degradation and helps ribosomes recognize mRNA for translation. The 3’ poly-A tail stabilizes mRNA and aids in its export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

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7
Q

Besides binary fission, name and describe another way bacterial cells can divide.

A

Bacterial cells can divide by budding, where a small bud forms on the parent cell, receives a copy of the DNA, and eventually separates as a new, independent cell.

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8
Q

Does primase synthesize small pieces of RNA?

A

Yes, primase synthesizes small RNA primers that initiate DNA replication by providing a starting point for DNA polymerase.

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9
Q

Where does the initiation of DNA replication occur?

A

At the origin.

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10
Q

Where does the initiation of transcription occur?

A

Occurs at the promoter

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11
Q

When does elongation in translation occur?

A

When tRNAs bring in amino acids according to anticodon/codon complementary base pairing.

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12
Q

When does elongation in transcription occur?

A

Occurs when ribonucleotides are added in a 5’ to 3’ direction on the antisense strand of the DNA.

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13
Q

When does termination in DNA replication occur?

A

Occurs when a termination sequence is reached in the chromosome.

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14
Q

When does initiation of translation occur?

A

When tRNAs bring in amino acids according to anticodon/codon complementary base pairing.

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15
Q

When does elongation in transcription occur?

A

Occurs when ribonucleotides are added in a 5’ to 3’ direction on the antisense strand of the DNA.

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16
Q

When does termination in DNA replication occur?

A

Occurs when a termination sequence is reached in the chromosome.

17
Q

Where does initiation of translation occur?

A

Occurs at the start codon

18
Q

Define microbial ecology

A

Studying relationships between microbes and their environments

19
Q

Define community.

A

Interactions between different species within a community

20
Q

Define parasitism.

A

One species benefits while the other is harmed.

21
Q

Define mutualism.

A

Both species benefit.

22
Q

Define commensalism.

A

One species benefits while the other is unaffected.

23
Q

Define neutralism.

A

Neither species is affected

24
Q

Define symbiosis.

A

Interactions between different species within a community.

25
Q

Define population.

A

Individuals of the same species living in the same habitat.

26
Q

Define amensalism.

A

One species is harmed while the other is unaffected.

27
Q

One species is harmed while the other is unaffected.

A

Amensalism

28
Q

One species benefits while the other is unaffected.

A

commensalism

29
Q

One species benefits while the other is harmed.

A

Parasitism

30
Q

Neither species is affected

A

Neutralism

31
Q

Both species benefit.