Taxonomy 5 Flashcards
involves describing, naming, and classifying organisms (the oldest branch of plant study)
Taxonomy
a system of naming objects
nomenclature
a taxonomic group at any level in the hierarchical system
taxon
includes all the descendants of a particular common ancestor + the ancestor itself
monophyletic group
binomial system
-Only one correct scientific name for a species
-Many common names may be given to the same species in the same language and in different
languages
binomial system species name
all living organisms given two-word Latin scientific name
published species plantarum
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Linnaeus
-Developed Latin names for organisms
-Abbreviated names to two parts (binomials)
-Placed one to many species in each genus
varieties that arise from human activities
cultivars
what happens if species has cultivars or varieties?
their names consist of 3 parts
rules that govern the naming and classification of wild species
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
rules that govern the naming and classification of cultivated plants
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
Rules for naming a new species:
- Unique name and description must be published 2. A type specimen of the new taxon must be
deposited in an herbarium and available for stud
Starting point for naming vascular plants
is Species Plantarum
what is a preserved (dried) plant that is typically deposited in an herbarium called
A type specimen
what is used to aid in the identification of organism
a key
Most keys are
meaning?
-dichotomous
-meaning user presented with pair of choices for character states of feature of organism
hierarchical system
and where are greater similarities
Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus > Species -> (subspecies)/(variety)
Greater similarity at lower classification levels
a set of individuals closely related by descent from a common ancestor
species
Closely related species are grouped together into
Genera, or Genus singular
origin of life
3.5 billion years ago
what happened 1.5- 2 bya?
prokaryote into a eukaryote
how did numberous evolutionary lines emerge from eukaryotes?
eukaryotes evolved to have mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, and true nuclei
how many eukaryote species
9 million eukaryotic species; only a fraction of these is currently named and categorized
name domains(3)
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
name kingdoms(6)
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria
-Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya
-Kingdom Protista
-Kingdom Fungi
-Kingdom Plantae
-Kingdom Animalia
Cyanobacteria
-Have chlorophyll a, produce oxygen, some fix nitrogen!
-As oxygen accumulated, other photosynthetic organisms appeared and forms of aerobic respiration developed
-Symbiotic with cyanobacteria
Amoebae, sea anemones, fungi
-Chloroplasts may have originated as
cyanobacteria living within other cells.
what tries to answer the question of organisms sharing a common ancestor
phylogenetic trees, that constantly evolve themselves
Charles Darwin on how life started
descended from common ancestor
Monophyletic groups
(clades = valid
groupings)
polyphyletic groups
more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same
taxon
too many
Paraphyletic groups
Descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not
including all the descendant groups).
