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pl sc 221 final > Genetics 4 > Flashcards

Genetics 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

study of how traits are inherited from one generation to the next

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2
Q

who first described the DNA structure
after whos work?

A

Watson & Crick in 1953, ~100 years after Mendel’s
work

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3
Q

where are genes located

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

what are chromosomes

A

segment of DNA that directs the synthesis of a protein

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5
Q

the nucleotide bases

A

guanine, adenine, thymene, cystosine

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6
Q

Sum of all DNA

A

genome

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7
Q

The genome also has lots of non___________

A

coding DNA

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8
Q

Not every gene is expressed in every

A

cell

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9
Q

Set of rules that translate nucleotide squence into amino acid sequence

A

genetic code

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10
Q

what is the genetic code based off of?

A

codons

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11
Q

codons are

A

3 nucleotides

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12
Q

what is each codon specific for?

A

one amino acid

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13
Q

how many amino acids to plants make vs us

A

plants make 20 we make 10

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14
Q

Genetic code is

A

universal

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15
Q

difference with amino acids in RNA vs DNA

A

T is replaced with U in RNA

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16
Q

how many genes does every humans genome have

A

> 20,000

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17
Q

what percent of human genes are nonecoding

A

> 98%

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18
Q

how many genes does cottonwood genome have

A

40000

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19
Q

what do plastids also have

A

DNA

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20
Q

many plants are

A

Polyploid
meaning they have more than 2 complete sets of chromosomems

21
Q

Gregor mendel

A

-created field of genetics
-Rejected ideas of blending inheritance and genetic material being a fluid that mixes
-Crossed tall and short pea plants

22
Q

results of mendels experiment with peas

A

-All offspring in F1 generation were tall.
-F2 generation (offspring of F1 plants): Ratio of three tall
individuals to one short individual

23
Q

interpretation of Mendels experiment

A

Monohybrid cross
recessive and dominant alleles

24
Q

allele

A

one of two or more versions of a DNA sequence at a genomic location

25
Q

two alleles are the same

A

the individual is homozygous for that allele. tt, TT

26
Q

An individual inherits

A

2 alleles

27
Q

two alleles are different

A

Tt heterozygous
draw the thing square thinng
1/4 will be recessive the rest will be heterozygos or homozygous dominant

28
Q

diagram used to predict gynotypes of cross

A

punnet square

29
Q

o traits (determined by two genes) are passed to offspring
independently of each other

A

law of independent assortment

30
Q

dominance may be

A

incomeplete

31
Q

many traits are determined by

A

more than one gene
ie.fruit size, yield, disease resistance, drought

32
Q

gene expression can be modified by

A

the environment

33
Q

ny traits that are important in agriculture and forestry are so-called

A

quantitative traits

34
Q

quantitative traits

A

Show continuous rather than discrete variation * Are determined by several genes
* Are influenced by environment

35
Q

Darwin

A

1858, theory of evolution

36
Q

Mendel

A

1866 publishes his work (overlooked until 1900)

37
Q

Watson & Crick

A

1953 provide DNA model

38
Q

Nirenberg

A

1961 cracks genetic code

39
Q

2003

A

Human genome sequenced

40
Q

Breeders look at traits like ;
these are all __________ traits.

A

yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance (drought, frost)
quantitative

41
Q

what are the 2 ways to potentially modify plants

A

-Traditional breeding (works well with crops)
-Transgenic plants
-genome editing(sci fi)

42
Q

Plant Breeding

A

accelerated evolution guided by humans rather than nature, guiding the representation of good plants in subsequent generations

43
Q

corn breeding what happened

A

Decrease in branching and increase in seed size were selected for in corn breeding

44
Q

why is having genetically uniform plants risky

A

new traits may become important in the future.
Disease tolerance

45
Q

green revolution

A

By crossing desirable parents, Norman Borlaug created smaller and disease-resistant plants.

46
Q

what are a solution to preserving genetic diversity?

A

Gene banks, frozen dried seeds

47
Q

produced by inserting genes from virtually any organism into plants
why?

A

Transgenic plants
primarily for resistance of insects and herbicides

48
Q

the inserted genes are called

A

transgenes

pl sc 221 final (12 decks)

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