Taxonomic Group of Selected Animals Part B Flashcards
Type of gaits
plantigrade – man
unguligrade – horses
digitigrade – cat
all hardened portions of the animal
Skeleton
skeleton that is external, lifeless secretion (no cells)
Invertebrates
skeleton that is invariably cellular
Vertebrates
skeleton derived from skin; protective covering
Exoskeleton
skeleton derived from mesoderm; support, framework, and muscle attachmen
Endoskeleton
parts of the epidermis
stratified epithelium, cutaneous glands present
parts of the Dermis
fibrous connective tissue of loose irregular or of dense parallel fibers.
The Skin of Aquatic Vertebrates
Epidermis – thin with mucous gland cells
Dermis – loose and compact layers
layers of the skin
corneum
lucidum
granulosum
spinosum
basale
amniote skin
Stratum corneum
Reptiles – molts
Birds – thin and delicate
Reptiles and birds – cutaneous glands
Mammals – thick skin
cutaneous glands in mammals
sebaceous sweat
mammary or milk glands
The amniote skin
pigments as diffuse substance or granules (epidermal) chromatophores (dermal)
Color
three types of granules (epidermal) chromatophores (dermal)
melanophores
xanthophores or lipophores
guanophores or iridocytes
hardening of the epidermis or dermis or
both
Exoskeleton derived from skin
exoskeleton derived from epidermis; produced by stratum germinativum; specialized portions of the stratum corneum
Exoskeleton derived Epidermal
from dermis; consists of bone or related structure; produced by dermatome (mesoderm)
Exoskeleton derived Dermal
The age and hence the growth rate of fishes can be determined by studying the
_______ of the scales
concentric ridges
The Dermal Fin Rays
Dermal origin; supporting the fins
a. Ceratotrichia
b. Actinotrichia
c. Lepidotrichia
d. Camptotrichia
are keratinized rods that radiate out like vanes in a fan to internally support the fins of chondrichthyan fishes, are slender keratinized rods.
Ceratotrichia
in bony fishes are usually an ossified or chondrified series of tiny elements that strengthen this web
Fin rays, or lepidotrichia
In some bony fishes, the tip of the fin may be further stiffened by additional keratinized rods
actinotrichia
dorsal scutes
Epidermal scutes
ventral plates
Dermal plates
Epidermal scutes
neural scutes
costal scutes
marginal scutes
nuchal scutes
pygal scutes
Dermal plates
nuchal plate
vertebral or neural plates
postneural or precaudal plates
pygal plate
costal plates
marginal plates
Exoskeleton of turtles
Carapace
Exoskeleton of turtles
Plastron
dermal plates
(ventral)
gular
humeral
pectoral
abdominal
femoral
anal
Dermal plates
(dorsal)
epiplastra
entoplastron – single, median
hyoplastra
hypoplastra
xiphiplastra
Exoskeleton of Birds
feathers
Kinds of Bird Feathers
Down feather
Contour feather Filoplume
Filoplume
Short stem or quill
circle of soft rays or barbs
barbules
down feather
central axis or quill
weblike vane
–outer vane and inner vane
shaft or rachis
calamus
inferior umbilicus
superior umbilicus
umbilical groove
barbs
barbules
contour feather
Main axis or shaft
Few terminal barbs
filoplume
Feather tracts also known as
pterylae
featherless areas
apterylae
may cover the body (scaly anteaters) or only in the tail and legs in mammals
horny scales
only living mammals with armor of epidermal scutes and dermal plates
armadillos
Exoskeleton of Mammals
True horns
Antlers
Hair horns
Short horns of giraffe
