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LBBBIO3 > INTRO TO ENDOSKELETON > Flashcards

INTRO TO ENDOSKELETON Flashcards

1
Q

Provides body shape
Supports its weight
* Serves as levers that together with muscles produces movement
* Protects soft parts
nerves, blood vessels, and other viscera

A

SKELETON

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2
Q

formed from or within the integument
DERMIS
bone
epidermis to keratin

A

EXOSKELETON

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3
Q

deep within the body from mesoderm and other sources
Includes:
fibrous connective tissue, bone, and cartilage

A

ENDOSKELETON

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4
Q

(within the integument)

A

Exoskeleton

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5
Q

(deep, within the body)

A

Endoskeleton

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6
Q

Exoskeleton types

A

Keratinized exoskeleton (from epidermis)
Bony exoskeleton (from dermis)

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7
Q

Endoskeleton types

A

Bony exoskeleton
Cartilaginous Endoskeleton
Notochord

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8
Q

Skull

A

Cranial

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9
Q

vertebral column, limbs, girdles, and associated structures, such as ribs and shells.

A

Postcranial skeleton

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10
Q

Parts of the Endoskeleton

A

Notochord
Derivatives of Notochord

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11
Q

Derivatives of Notochord

A

❑ Skull
❑ Vertebral Column

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12
Q

❑ First endoskeleton of the chordates
❑ Principal endoskeleton of the lower chordates

A

Notochord

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13
Q

Parts of the Endoskeleton

A

AXIAL
APPENDICULAR

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14
Q

AXIAL

A
  • SKULL
  • VISCERAL SKELETON
  • VERTEBRAL COLUMN
  • RIBS
  • STERNUM
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15
Q

APPENDICULAR

A
  • PECTORAL GIRDLE
  • PELVIC GIRDLE
  • APPENDAGES
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16
Q

The Skeletogenous Regions

A

MYOTOMES
Myoseptum or Myocomma

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17
Q

a transverse partition or plate of mesenchyme

A

Myoseptum or Myocomma

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18
Q

Consist of those portions of th epimeres remaining after the formation of mesenchyme
 Grow down between the skin and the digestive tract

A

MYOTOMES

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19
Q

All of the endoskeleton proper is first composed of

A

cartilage

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20
Q

The endoskeleton of elasmobranchs, for example, is composed entirely of

A

cartilage

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21
Q

In most vertebrates, the cartilage is replaced by the development of

A

bone

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22
Q

Not all of their bones arise in this manner, but some of them develop directly from the

A

mesenchyme

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23
Q

is located on the anterior or head portion of the shark.

A

chondrocranium

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24
Q

This process involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. It begins when mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes.

A

Endochondral Ossification

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25
Q

This process involves the direct conversion of mesenchyme to the bone.

A

Intramembranous Ossification

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26
Q

females are observed to be larger
than males in sharks

A

true

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27
Q

lateral projection that is anterior to the orbit

A

Antorbital process

28
Q

a thick projecting shelf that forms the dorsal wall of the orbit

A

Supraorbital crest

29
Q

capsule that encloses the auditory organs

A

Otic capsule

30
Q

can be found below the chondrocraium

A

mandibular arch

31
Q

mandibular arch
It is a semicircular arch that tapers anteriorly if viewed laterally

A

Palatoquadrate

32
Q

mandibular arch
More planar and slender opposed to the Palatoquadrate
Laterally, one can distinguish a triangular outline

A

Meckel’s cartilage:

33
Q

Splanchnocranium
Support for the tongue

A

Basihyal

34
Q

is known for its segmented hoops placed on one behind the other. It is lightweight.

A

Splanchnocranium

35
Q

sharks
It is a U-shaped structure consisting of two curved rods known as the suprascapular cartilages that extend dorsally

At the intersection of the head, trunk and forelimbs

A

Pectoral girdle

36
Q

sharks
display a rigid and somewhat semi-circular or U-shaped in appearance, up until the claspers.

The pelvic girdle and pelvic fin may be found along the the posterior side of the vertebral column of the shark, just before the cloaca.

A

Pelvic Girdle

37
Q

Parts of the typical vertebra of the shark

A
  1. Centrum
  2. Notochord
  3. Spinal cord
  4. Vertebral canal (neural canal)
  5. Dorsal intercalary plates
  6. Hemal canal
  7. Hemal arch
  8. Ventral intercalary plates
  9. Notochord
  10. Basapophyses
  11. Ribs
37
Q

may be found on the most posterior end of a shark’s skeletal structure

A

Caudal Vertebrae

38
Q

a shark is divided into two major morphological regions

A

a. Trunk (dorsals) - cranial to the anus
b. Tail (caudals) - caudal to the anus

39
Q

a shark’s centrum is __________, where the anterior and posterior ends display concavities.

A

amphicoelous

40
Q

Sharks display __________ with the presence of two centra and two sets of neural and hemal arches at the caudal region of the vertebra.

A

caudal diplospondyly

41
Q

basic components of the shark’s visceral skeleton

A

mandibular arch
hyoid apparatus
gill arches

42
Q

mandibular arch parts (sharks)

A

palatoquadrate and meckel’s cartilage

43
Q

hyoid apparatus 2 sections

A

hyoid arch
gill arches

44
Q
A
45
Q

hyoid arch parts

A

hyomandibular
ceratohyal
basihyal

45
Q

heart-shaped” and is larger than the cervical but smaller than the lumbar vertebrae in size. (chicken)

A

Thoracic Vertebrae

45
Q

Creates the structure for the neck. It is connected at the base of the skull and extends into the thoracic vertebrae

form an S-shaped structure

(chicken)

A

Cervical vertebrae

46
Q

This portion is composed of 4 to 5 free caudal vertebrae, along with transverse processes and a flattened bone (sometimes triangular) called pygostyle Together they form the caudal vertebrae curving upwards. (chicken)

A

caudal vertebrae

46
Q

formed through the fusion of 3 to 4 caudal vertebrae. (chicken)

A

pygostyle

47
Q

It is a fusiform structure, which is formed by the fusion of thoracic, lumbas, sacral and caudal vertebrae.(chicken)

A

Synsacrum

48
Q

It is a blade-shaped bone and is one of the three bone that made up the hip bone.(chicken)

A

Ilium

49
Q

head of the humerus of a chicken is

A

ellipsoid

50
Q

of the chicken wing contains only one cone-shaped phalanx, while the other two consist of two phalanges.

A

1st digit (Alula)

51
Q

different processes projecting from the vertebrae

A

Odontoid Process
Prezygapophyses and
Postzygapophyses
Hypapophyses
Pleurapophyses
Uncinate processes
Diapophyses
Parapophyses
Transverse Processes
Xiphisternal Process
Olecranon Process
Pectineal processes

52
Q

have smooth sternum since it lacks a keel. Since they have an absent of keel, they are unable to fly; most commonly described as running birds. Additionally their clavicles are small or does not exist.

Pygostyle is not present.

have their coracoid and sternum fused.

A

Ratite

53
Q

have a keel present, enabling them to fly since this is where their wing muscles anchor, prolonging their duration on air. Clavicles are present and well-developed with frequent use. Pygostyle is present.Their sternum and coracoid are connected with ligaments

A

Carinate

54
Q

Shape: Ring-like structure with lateral masses.
Size: Small and compact, approximately 2-3
centimeters in diameter

A

Atlas (C1 Vertebra):

55
Q

Shape: Features an upward peg-like projection called
the odontoid process.
Size: Larger than the atlas, with an additional 1-2
centimeters in height due to the odontoid process

A

Axis (C2 Vertebra):

56
Q

The cranial part of the sacrum articulates cranially with the lumbar spine and with the pelvic girdle. The caudal part of the

A

sacral vertebrae

57
Q

term primarily used in the context of amphibian anatomy, particularly in frogs and some salamanders. It is a bony or cartilaginous structure at the posterior end of the vertebral column, serving as the fused extension of the vertebral column in the tail region.

A

Urostyle

58
Q

is a structure found in the human skeleton, also known as the tailbone.ygostyl. It is located at the base of the vertebral column, below the sacrum.

A

Coccyx

59
Q

a structure found in the anatomy of certain birds, especially those belonging to the group called Neornithes (modern birds) It is located at the posterior end of the vertebral column, just before the tail feathers (rectrices).

A

Pygostyle

60
Q

are free-floating and are only attached through muscles. This adaptation allows the cat to squeeze itself into tight spaces, to extend their stride, and to lengthen their bodies. This is advantageous for cats who are solitary hunters that rely on stealth, explosive power, and flexibility (cat)

A

pectoral girdle

61
Q

odd-toed

A

Perissodactyla

62
Q

Any of various hoofed mammals, having an even number of toes on each foot

A

artiodactyl

LBBBIO3 (13 decks)

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