Digestive system Flashcards
There are two body cavities separated by a thin sheet of muscle called the _________.
diaphragm
The exposed cavity in the stoamch region is the __________.
abdominal cavity
Anterior to abdominal cavity and separated by the diaphragm is the _________.
thoracic cavity
A prominent organ in the anterior of the abdominal cavity is the __________.
liver
The iver is a reddish- brown organ is divided into right and left lobes by the __________.
falciform ligament
Each of these lobes is further divided into median and lateral lobes, for a total of ___________ lobes of the liver.
four
The ________ produces some amino acids, filters the blood, converts harmful substances into harmless ones, and helps to regulate blood sugar.
liver
Additionally, in the digestive system, the liver produces _________, which emulsifies fat during digestion.
bile
The bile produced by the liver is stored in the __________. Raise the right lobe of the liver and observe the _______, a dark, greenish-yellow sac.
gallbladder
Each swallow of food forms a _________, which travels from the mouth down the esophagus.
bolus
The majority of the _________, located in the thoracic cavity, is best examined during observation of the circulatory system. Some small portion may be visible at the most anterior portion of the stomach.
esophagus
After leaving the esophagus, the food reaches the _______, located on the left side of the rabbit, beneath the diaphragm.
stomach
The stomach consists of four portions:
the cardia, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus.
The __________ is the area where the stomach joins the esophagus.
cardiac portion
In this section, the ___________ separates the esophagus from the stomach. (Malfunction of this _______ is a cause of acid reflux in humans.)
cardiac sphincter
The ____________ is the upper curve of the stomach that lies to the left side of the esophagus.
fundus portion
The body is the main portion of the _____.
stomach
The __________ lies to the right of the esophagus and terminates in the pyloric sphincter
pyloric section
which separates the stomach from the duodenum.
pyloric sphincter
the first portion of the small intestine
duodenum
Though not part of the digestive system, the _________ is located on the greater curvature of the stomach, the larger convex curve. It is a small, dark, reddish-brown organ. The _______ is part of the lymphatic system and is designed to filter blood.
spleen
From the stomach, the chyme travels through the pyloric sphincter into the ________, the first section of the small intestine.
duodenum
The caudal end of the ileum is modified into a round muscular enlargement called the _________. The _____________ is a structure found only in rabbits. It has a large amount of lymphoid tissue and is involved in the immune system.
sacculus rotundus
The small intestine is lined with thousands of circular folds, the _________.
plicae circulares
There are also small projections called _______ in the small intestine.
villi
Each ____________ has its own projections, the microscopic, hair-like microvilli. The folds and projections increase the surface area of the small intestine and maximize the absorption of nutrients.
villus
The small intestine ends at the ___________.
ileocecal valve
Within the mesentery of the small intestine is the __________, a pinkish-brown, somewhat granular mass. The ______________ opens to the small intestine through the pancreatic duct at the caudal end of the duodenum. It is part of both the digestive and endocrine systems and secretes both enzymes and hormones.
pancreas
Materials exit the small intestine through the sacculus rotundus to the large intestine-first to a short compartment called the ___________ (a connection between the cecum and the colon) and then to the colon.
ampulla cecalis coli
In the first section of the colon, the _________, special contractions separate the more-digestible from the less-digestible materials and force the nutritious components backward into the cecum.
proximal colon
The rougher materials continue along the __________.
distal colon
The ___________ is a large, coiled blind sac that extends from the sacculus rotundus. The ________ makes up a larger proportion of the digestive tract in rabbits than in any other group of animals, and it is critical to the digestion of their food.
cecum
Within the cecum, bacteria break down the material through ______.
fermentation
At certain times, material from the cecum is released to the colon where it is coated in mucus and excreted through the anus in the form of soft balls called ________, also known as _________.
cecotropes
night feces or soft feces
Rabbits immediately eat their _____________, and the materials pass again through the digestive system. The rabbit extracts additional nutrients from the food this time, due to the fermentative changes that occurred in the cecum.
cecotropes
Rabbits’ digestion exemplifies one type of ___________.
hindgut fermentation
Cattle and other ruminants are called __________ because microbial fermentation of their food occurs before the food reaches the intestine.
“foregut fermenters”
Although the rabbit colon can be divided into the ascending, transverse, and descending colon, it is usually discussed in terms of the __________.
proximal and distal colon
A short, muscular portion called the _________ marks the division between the two. This section helps regulate the complex events that move materials either forward or backward and that determine whether cecotropes or dry feces are being produced.
fusus coli
The beginning section of the proximal colon has a lumpy appearance because it includes many pouches called ___________ between longitudinal bands called _______.
haustra
taenia
The _________ is a long, twisted tube that terminates with the rectum. Both dry feces and cecotropes exit the anus.
distal colon
Mechanically break down food
Teeth
Secrete digestive enzymes (eg, amylase) to begin chemical breakdown of foods; secrete mucous to lubricate food for swallowing
Salivary glands
Transports food to stomach
Esophagus
Stomach Produces ____ and ____ that aid in the chemical breakdown of food
hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
Receives chyme from the stomach along with bile and digestive enzymes from the liver and pancreas; furthers chemical digestion of food
Duodenum
Produces bile, converts glucose to glycogen for storage; detoxifies many constituents of the absorbed digested compounds
Liver
Stores bile for delivery to duodenum for breakdown of fats
Gallbladder
Produces digestive enzymes and delivers them through pancreatic ducts to duodenum
Pancreas
Responsible for majority of nutrient absorption and some reabsorption of water
Jejunum
Continues process of nutrient absorption and reabsorption of water
Ileum
In herbivores, a large structure containing anaerobic bacteria and protozoans responsible for the breakdown of cellulose; this structure has a reduced appearance and function in carnivores and omnivores
Cecum
Secretes water and bicarbonate ions into the cecum to assist in cellulose digestion
Vermiform appendix*
Responsible for reabsorption of water and electrolytes, produces feces
Colon
Final site of water reabsorption and feces dehydration
Rectum
Regulates egestion of undigested food (feces) from the body
Anus
