Task 9 Flashcards
What is the definition of swarm Intelligence ?
- Any attempt to design algorithms or distributed problem solving devices inspired by the collective behavior of insect colonies and other animal societies
What is meant by swarm ?
- any loosely structured collection of interacting agents
What is one unique charactersitic of swarm Intellience ?
- Those are often self organized systems
What is meant by self organized systems ?
- coordination arises from different interactions among individual
- There is no central control
- Members just follow simple rules
- Bottom up process
How do swarm Intelligence species communicate ?
- Stigmergy
What is meant by stigmery and name both kinds:
- communication by altering the state of the environment in a way that will affect the behaviours of others
1. Cue-based
2. Sign based
What is meant by cue based stigmery ?
- change in the environment simply provides a cue for the behaviour of other actors
- Example: growing pillars
What is meant by Sign based stigmery ?
- environmental change actually sends a signal to the actor
- Active action (pheromones of the aents)
What is the problem with the swarm intelligence in ants ?
- ants are very bad at switching decissions once they have chosen their path
Why are ants so bad at changing plans ?
- insect can only detect its immediate environment + no global evaluation of the situation+ no optimization since no evaluation
What is meanty by the social impact theory ?
- Impact of group on individual is a function of strength (= persuasiveness), immediacy and number of other people influencing
Explain the function of the social impact theory ?
- Impact increases monotonically with the size of the group, but slows with group size
What is one characteristic of the huamn species ?
- They are herding creatures
What does herding creatures mean ?
- they become more similar when they interact, results in norms and cultures
- It is about thinking similarity not physical
- End result is the mind
Where do we find more social congregations/gathering ?
- You can find social gathering more often in prey then predators
What are type of organised behaviour do we see in the nature ?
- Selfish behaviour + Simple rules
Name an example of a selfish beahviour in the nature ?
- to move to centre of the group bc your chances for survival at the edge are shit
Name an example of simple rules:
- Try to get the same speed as ur neighboors
- pull away before they crash into one another (Collision)
What is the differnece between the simple rules regarding humans and animals ?
- Humans stric for Collision since they create norms and cultures via collision AND a mental life !!!
- Collision = agreement of human thoughts
What is meant by mutiagent system ?
- computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents
- agents interact with each other
Name an example of a mutilagent system ?
- Subsumption architecture
- Cellular robots (or is that a swarm??)
- opposition of traditional AI
What is meant by Subsumption architecture ?
- decomposing the complete behavior into sub-behaviors
- hierachy layers (the higher the layer the more complex the task)
- bottom up approach
- independent modules work together without to interfere
What is the differnce between multiagent systems and swarms systems ?
- Global behaviour of swarm is an effect of local interactions of members vs behaviour is more of a sum of the agent’s contributions
- Swarms are homogenous (everyone does the same) vs multiagnet systems which are heterogenous (are assigned to specific tasks )
What is meant by cellular robots ?
- a self-organizing robotic system composed of a large number of autonomous robotic units, named cells
- global intelligence emerges from the local interactions of individually unintelligent beings.
Who explained group behaviour ?
- Hodgins algorithm
Explain hodgins algorithm:
- based on perception model (predicts what group memeber percieve)
- based on placement algorithm (calculates how fast u have to move regarding ur neigbors)
- > both a simple rules
What are some unique characteritsics of social robots ?
- Agents of a robot have different functions (heterogenous)
- Agents can interact with each other
- Agenst Have histories: perceive and interpret the world in terms of their own experiences
- Individual agents contribute to dynamics of the whole society and society contributes to the individual
When does the intelligence of an ant swarm rises ?
- during phase transition
What do humans and swarm of ants have an in comman ?
- structure of neurons in the brain work just like the swarm of ants
- Using: nodes, interconnections and learning changing the strength of connections
What are the three characteristics of swarm intelligence?
- Flexibility
- Robustness (fail of the individual does not matter)
- Self organization (no glbal control)
Why do businesses often lead do not apply a complete version of a swarm intelligence method ?
- Because businesses have a problem with “self organization”
Name an example of a field of work where swarm intelligence applies ?
- Telecom network
- To get from point A to B (phone calls) the network leaves digital pheromone
How did the telecom improve swarm intelligence ?
- Swarm Intelligence = bad at switching
- They fine tuned the method via adding a mecanism which continually vanish the didgital pheromone which overcomes the reinforcment process which makes changes possible
Give an example of the characteristic “flexability” in swarm intelligence ?
- Bees are specialise worker but when the need is there to perform a task they switch there work
- Switching from nurse bee to collecting food bee
- Also the bucket brigade is a sign of flexability
What is meant by the foraging principle ?
- If you are without a food item, run out along the foraging trail until you encounter one and then take it if you can
What is meant by the bucket brigade ?
- Each ant moves a long a trail in a cycle and pass on food
- The slowest ant will be the one working farthest away and will do the least amount of work
- The fastest ant will be working closes to the nest and works the most
What is meant by zone approach ?
- opposit of bucket bridge / foraging principle
- One person could only begin when the first person completed it tasks
- does not include variation
What is one ofthe main assumption of swarm intelligence ?
- Complex collective behaviour can emerge from individuals following simple rules
- bottom up
Name the 4 steps in business regarding swarm intelligence:
- Post idea (an Idea which just does not work anymore)
- promising Idea attracts attention
- reinforce the idea via advancing it (laying a trial)
- Earn points (cash)
Besides finding the most optimal solution to a problem where else does swarm intelligence play a role ?
- identify new markets / new sources of food
- via:
1. maas recruitment
2. Group recruitmnet
3. Tandem recruitment
What is meant by maas recruitment ?
- in large colonies pheromones attracts a ton of ants (leaving a mark)
- BUT: once u attracted them u are unable to shift
What is meant by group recruitment ?
- vibrate antenna to convince a few others in medium sized colonies
What is meant by Tandem recruitment ?
- Tandem leaders who have knowledge of the new nest lead a single follower at a time, to the destination by maintaining physical contact (small groups)
WHat does HRI mean ?
- human-robot interaction
What does HHI mean ?
- human-human interaction
How do we design good robots ?
- by using HHI to design HRI
How should HRI work ? (in the future)
- investigate the use of expression, gesture, and gaze or verbal commands
- implicit commands
How does HRI work currently ?
- via explicit commands
- NOT efficient enough
What is a unique feature of HHI ?
- human teams change coordination strategies as uncertainty or time pressure increases
How do humans coordination change regarding uncertainity or time pressure ?
- Switching from explicit to implicit coordination behaviour
- Either the performance maintaince or improves
Name some characteristics of explicit coordination:
- communications in explicit coordination meants to control teammates actions
- It forces for immediate response
What is so bad about immediate response ?
- it contains a switching coast and does not allow for flexability
What is meant by switching coast ?
- The recipient of the command needs extra time beacuse he has to stop what he or she is doing, switch his or her attention to address the command, and then switch attention back to resume his or her work
- Attention switching leads to lose of time
Name some characteristics of implicit coordination:
- it is about reduce communication and coordination overhead
- needs SMM
- dynamically redistributing workload among team member
- Allows to anticipate needs so that coordination is effective
What is meant by SMM ?
- shared mental model
- common understanding of who is responsible for what
- Can be trained
How should an effective robot team mate be ?
- React to human’s communication in ways that seem natural to the human
- Communicate with an understanding of how the human teammate will work with the cues provided
- Respond to communications differently, depending on whether they are implicit or explicit or combined
What is meant by collective intelligence ? (and name the three factors)
- groups of individuals acting together in ways that seem intelligent to come up with more creative ideas
- Three factors:
1. Prevent repetition of past mistakes
2. higher flexibility and could quickly exchange knowledge
3. Realising and using available resources and having increased processing of information skills
Why is collective intelligence so important ?
- Because it is the capacity for team to evolve in ever shifiting enviorments
Explain the frame work/ model of colective intelligence:
- Consist of
1: collective dimension (diversity of professions)
2: intelligence learning dimension (Frequency of actions)
What is contained in the collective dimension ?
- Sharing
- Co-construction
- Constructive conflict
What is contained in the Intelligence-learning dimension ?
- Mutual learning
- Reflective observation (group metacognition)
- Active experimentation (active testing of new ideas)
- Boundary crossing
In which fields do we need collective intelligence ? (applications)
- Wisdom-of-the-crowd effects
- Crowdsourcing
- Collaborate decisions of teams
What is meant by “Wisdom-of-the-crowd effects” ?
- Many people combined will allways lead to the better solutions then one indvidual
- (is not allways true bc decision-making contexts are messy)
- leads to: improvemnt of quantitative judgment
Why does the wisdom of the crowd affect work?
- It reduces biases
- biasing effects of correlated information (all the knowledge in the group comes from one resource
- bc of Dominance in social interaction (not equal)
- Systematic bias
What is meant by systematic bias ?
- knowledge/information is from value-based positions (previous judgements)
What is meant by “crowdsoucing” ?
- Task which originally were made by one person or a group can now be executed by the web
- good for collection of info and setting up
- Leads to: Integreation of distributed knowledge
With how many people is CI effective ?
- CI increases with size of the crowd, but gains are tiny from 6 people onwards
What are some problems with “crowdsoucing” ?
- Can produce ineffective solutions because contributors’ efforts cannot be observed directly
- accuracy might not be that high
- Leads to: decsions
What is meant by “small group collaboration” ?
- Groups often outperform the average and the best-regarded individual within a group
- individual intelligence is not as important as the CI factor regarding achievments
What drives CI in small groups ?
- ## Diversity of identity + disposition (differences in problem-solving approaches and heuristics)
