Task 8 Flashcards
What is meant by accident behaviour ?
- Unsafe acts
- improper use of equipment, operating at unsafe
What is the main characteristic of accident behaviour ?
- Risk taking
What is meant by the risk homeostasis theory ?
- people accept a particular level of subjectively evaluated risk to their health in order to gain from a range of benefits associated with that activity
What influences risk taking behaviour ?
- Past experience + anticipated cost
What is meant by anticipated cost ?
- time, reduced productivity and frustration
Is the human species good at judging probability of risk ?
- No
- Underestimates risks of familar tasks
- Overestimate risks of unfamiliar tasks
Explain the 3 steps of risk staking behaviour ?
- Diagnosis (Need to know dangerous situation exsit )
- Generation of alternatives (have to know what actions are available to the given situation
- Evaluation= knowing the consequences of decision making (safety)
What are some factors influencing evaluation ?
- Cost of not follwing rules
- was the action voluntary
- Novelty and familiarity of the hazard
- potential for injuries
What is one of the main cuases of accident?
- Drug and alcohol
On who are errors usually blamed on ?
- on humans since they are easier exchangeable
But what is the truth about human errors ?
- all accidents are multi-causal,(caused by multiple events)
What is the definition of an Error ?
An action which is out of tolerance for the particular situation
- Most errors are unintended or have no serious consequences
- Are either random, stystematic or sporadic
What is meant by violation errors ?
- intentionally make an error
- Can be either routined,situational or exeptional violation errors
What is meant by routined violation errors ?
- errors become normal -> no serious consequences
What is meant by situational violation errors ?
- pressures arising from a specific job
What is meant by exceptional violation errors ?
- workers have good intentions but make risky decision
How do errors arise ?
- They occur because of a missmatch between characteristics of humans and the design of the task
Name the two types of errors ?
- Design errors: frequently occuring
- variability errors: Ocassionaly occuring
Which modles of error classification do exist ?
- Slips lapses and mistakes
- Normans model
Explain the slips lapses and mistakes model:
- Execution failures (slips & lapses): intention correct, execution fails
- Planning failures (mistakes):execution is according to plan but the plan was incorrect in the first place
Expalin the norman model:
- Relates to errors regarding human machine errors
- Moder errors
- capture errors
- misperception error
- Sequence errors
- Timing errors
What is meant by moder errors ?
- action performed in an inappropriate way
What is meant by capture errors ?
- action is correct but performed in a sitch that isn’t
What is meant by misperception errors ?
- perceptual cues are misused, resulting in a wrong decision and wrong action
What is meant by sequence errors ?
- performing an action out of the expected order (before evaluated order)
What is meant by timing errors ?
- performing an action too quickly/slowly
How can we manage human errors ?
Via the
- Personal approach
- Design approach
- > Best is the cobination of both
What is meant by the personal approach ?
- select and train those workers that are suited to operate the specific machines
- Follows an active approach “training”
What is meant by the design approach ?
- design equipment/procedures/environments that reduce the likelihood of errors or the consequences when errors occur
- Passive approach
To what does the automatization of jobs lead to ?
- Not to lose of jibs but to changes of jobs
What are the four functions of automatization ?
- information acquisition
- information analysis
- decision and action selection
- action implementation
- Each can vary from high to low
- Automatization is a continuum
- thy function more like a cyle instead of a strict serial sequence
What are the two criterias which meassure how useful automatization currently is ?
- The human performance after automatization (primary evaluation crtieria)
- automation reliability (secondary evaluation criteria)
- costs of action consequences
What is the defintion of automatization ?
- full/partial replacement of a function previously carried out by the human operator
Name the two types of automatization:
- Input functions and output functions
- based on action procedure in humans
Define the input functions of automatization:
- Expalins the autmatization regardings sensory processing and perception/WM in a machine
Define the output functions of automatization:
- Expalins the autmatization regardings decision making and response selection
Explain the Acquisition Automation function:
- Sensing and registration of input data -> prior to perception
- Low lvl: mechanically moving sensors in order to scan/observe
- moderate lvl: organisation of incoming info according to some criteria
- high lvl: involve filtering of info that is then exclusively selected (no raw data)
Explain the Analysisy Automation function:
- Conscious perception, and manipulation of processed and retrieved information in working memory
- Low lvl: Allgorithm works on incoming data to allow for prediction
- moderate lvl: input variables are combined to a single value
- High lvl: information managers” that provide context-dependent summaries of data
Explain the Decision Automation function:
- Selection from among decision alternatives
- Low lvl: computer does not act on the decison process
- HIgh lvl: Decisons are made without humans using conditional logic to find the best decision
Explain the Action Automation function:
- It is about the action based on decision
- Low lvl: High manual activity vs low automatic activity
- High lvl: high automatic activity and low manuel activity
What is meant adaptive automation ?
- levels and maybe even type of automation could be designed to vary depending on situational demands
How do we determine the primary evaluation criteria ?
- Via mental workload = Less workload leads to more efficiency on important task -> works via information automatization
How can we determine if an automatization is bad ?
- Based on situational awareness = automation of decision making functions may reduce awareness to the system
- Less awarenss leads to worst understandin of process leading to a decison
- This will also lead to skill degredation
How do we determine the secondary evaluation criteria ?
- A good automaton reliability is not dertemines by hard numbers such as the mean but by the variance of the mean
- But in general based on the complexity and size of the software testing for all reliability errors is impossible
How can we still work with high lvl automatization eventhough 100% reliability can neer be achived ?
- It is possible when the opperator has acces to rawr data and is aware of the unreliability so hw knows that he has to keep his attention towards the system
What is meant by error tapping ?
- When a system is highly auomated “error tapping refeers to the last chance to intervene
When is high lvl of automatization especially important ?
- highly time-critical situations in which humans can’t respond quickly enough
In which situation should we never use a high automatization systeme ?
- When the human operator is ever expected under abnormal circumstances to take over control
How do we achieve the best performace in a company where machines are being used ?
- When humans and machines work together
- Actively enhance each other’s complementary (gegensätzliche) strengths
- Companies which use Ai mainly to displace jobs will only see short term productivity
What are unique strenghts in a human being ?
- leadership, teamwork, creativity and social skills
What are unique strenghts in a machinen ?
- speed, scalability quantitative capabilities
How do humans assist machines ?
- Training: (Training via huge data sets)-> make them learn from us
- Explaining: AI reaches conclusions via unclear processes -> so we need experts to explain findings
- Sustaining: Machines need sustainers who ensure that AI systems function properly
How do machines assist humans ?
- Amplify our cognitive strengths (better decision making) via profinding correct
- Free us for higher lvl task via interacting with customers
- Extend physical capabilities
What are the 5 charactersitcs where companies typicall want to improve ?
- Flexability (more adaptive to new cirsumstances)
- Speed (time is money)
- Scale (advance allready existing tools)
- Decision making
- Personalisation (customization)
What are new roles created by the integration of AI systems in a company?
- Fusion skill workers = working in the interaction between human and machine
- Training AI systems
- Need people who make sure that AI systems are used responsibly
How to get the most value out of AI ?
- Discover what needs to be improved
- Develope a solution via co- creation
- Scale in the imprved field and work on sustantion
What does HRI stand for ?
- Human robot interaction
Where are robots currently used ?
- In an enviorment that is unsafe or unreachable for humans
What is the key tool for a co creation or for a human robot team to reach its goal ?
- Trust
What happens when there is an inappropriate lvl of trus is existing between robot and human ?
- To much trust: overuse
and misuse of the system - No trust: leads to disuse of the sysetm
What does trust inparticular influence ?
- Neglect tolerance
What is meant by negelect tolerance ?
- the extent to which the robot can perform task in absence of human attention
What does to much neglect lead to ?
- u lose the awareness of the situation, u wont know how the robot process information
What does to little neglect lead to ?
- Performance decreases since the operator can not attend to own task
How do we perfectly determine the lvl of negelct in a robot ?
- Knowing the capabilities of the robot and knowing the lvl of human robot trust
What influences trust ?
- High infleunce: the robot performance
- > higher reliability = higher trsut
- Moderate infleunce: Enviormental factors
When do we not use a robot ?
- When the risk of using a robot is larger then the perceived benefits
