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Man and Machine > Task 8 > Flashcards

Task 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by accident behaviour ?

A
  • Unsafe acts

- improper use of equipment, operating at unsafe

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2
Q

What is the main characteristic of accident behaviour ?

A
  • Risk taking
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3
Q

What is meant by the risk homeostasis theory ?

A
  • people accept a particular level of subjectively evaluated risk to their health in order to gain from a range of benefits associated with that activity
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4
Q

What influences risk taking behaviour ?

A
  • Past experience + anticipated cost
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5
Q

What is meant by anticipated cost ?

A
  • time, reduced productivity and frustration
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6
Q

Is the human species good at judging probability of risk ?

A
  • No
  • Underestimates risks of familar tasks
  • Overestimate risks of unfamiliar tasks
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7
Q

Explain the 3 steps of risk staking behaviour ?

A
  1. Diagnosis (Need to know dangerous situation exsit )
  2. Generation of alternatives (have to know what actions are available to the given situation
  3. Evaluation= knowing the consequences of decision making (safety)
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8
Q

What are some factors influencing evaluation ?

A
  • Cost of not follwing rules
  • was the action voluntary
  • Novelty and familiarity of the hazard
  • potential for injuries
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9
Q

What is one of the main cuases of accident?

A
  • Drug and alcohol
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10
Q

On who are errors usually blamed on ?

A
  • on humans since they are easier exchangeable
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11
Q

But what is the truth about human errors ?

A
  • all accidents are multi-causal,(caused by multiple events)
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12
Q

What is the definition of an Error ?

A

An action which is out of tolerance for the particular situation

  • Most errors are unintended or have no serious consequences
  • Are either random, stystematic or sporadic
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13
Q

What is meant by violation errors ?

A
  • intentionally make an error

- Can be either routined,situational or exeptional violation errors

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14
Q

What is meant by routined violation errors ?

A
  • errors become normal -> no serious consequences
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15
Q

What is meant by situational violation errors ?

A
  • pressures arising from a specific job
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16
Q

What is meant by exceptional violation errors ?

A
  • workers have good intentions but make risky decision
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17
Q

How do errors arise ?

A
  • They occur because of a missmatch between characteristics of humans and the design of the task
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18
Q

Name the two types of errors ?

A
  • Design errors: frequently occuring

- variability errors: Ocassionaly occuring

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19
Q

Which modles of error classification do exist ?

A
  • Slips lapses and mistakes

- Normans model

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20
Q

Explain the slips lapses and mistakes model:

A
  • Execution failures (slips & lapses): intention correct, execution fails
  • Planning failures (mistakes):execution is according to plan but the plan was incorrect in the first place
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21
Q

Expalin the norman model:

A
  • Relates to errors regarding human machine errors
  • Moder errors
  • capture errors
  • misperception error
  • Sequence errors
  • Timing errors
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22
Q

What is meant by moder errors ?

A
  • action performed in an inappropriate way
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23
Q

What is meant by capture errors ?

A
  • action is correct but performed in a sitch that isn’t
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24
Q

What is meant by misperception errors ?

A
  • perceptual cues are misused, resulting in a wrong decision and wrong action
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25
Q

What is meant by sequence errors ?

A
  • performing an action out of the expected order (before evaluated order)
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26
Q

What is meant by timing errors ?

A
  • performing an action too quickly/slowly
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27
Q

How can we manage human errors ?

A

Via the

  1. Personal approach
  2. Design approach
    - > Best is the cobination of both
28
Q

What is meant by the personal approach ?

A
  • select and train those workers that are suited to operate the specific machines
  • Follows an active approach “training”
29
Q

What is meant by the design approach ?

A
  • design equipment/procedures/environments that reduce the likelihood of errors or the consequences when errors occur
  • Passive approach
30
Q

To what does the automatization of jobs lead to ?

A
  • Not to lose of jibs but to changes of jobs
31
Q

What are the four functions of automatization ?

A
  1. information acquisition
  2. information analysis
  3. decision and action selection
  4. action implementation
    - Each can vary from high to low
    - Automatization is a continuum
    - thy function more like a cyle instead of a strict serial sequence
32
Q

What are the two criterias which meassure how useful automatization currently is ?

A
  • The human performance after automatization (primary evaluation crtieria)
  • automation reliability (secondary evaluation criteria)
  • costs of action consequences
33
Q

What is the defintion of automatization ?

A
  • full/partial replacement of a function previously carried out by the human operator
34
Q

Name the two types of automatization:

A
  • Input functions and output functions

- based on action procedure in humans

35
Q

Define the input functions of automatization:

A
  • Expalins the autmatization regardings sensory processing and perception/WM in a machine
36
Q

Define the output functions of automatization:

A
  • Expalins the autmatization regardings decision making and response selection
37
Q

Explain the Acquisition Automation function:

A
  • Sensing and registration of input data -> prior to perception
  • Low lvl: mechanically moving sensors in order to scan/observe
  • moderate lvl: organisation of incoming info according to some criteria
  • high lvl: involve filtering of info that is then exclusively selected (no raw data)
38
Q

Explain the Analysisy Automation function:

A
  • Conscious perception, and manipulation of processed and retrieved information in working memory
  • Low lvl: Allgorithm works on incoming data to allow for prediction
  • moderate lvl: input variables are combined to a single value
  • High lvl: information managers” that provide context-dependent summaries of data
39
Q

Explain the Decision Automation function:

A
  • Selection from among decision alternatives
  • Low lvl: computer does not act on the decison process
  • HIgh lvl: Decisons are made without humans using conditional logic to find the best decision
40
Q

Explain the Action Automation function:

A
  • It is about the action based on decision
  • Low lvl: High manual activity vs low automatic activity
  • High lvl: high automatic activity and low manuel activity
41
Q

What is meant adaptive automation ?

A
  • levels and maybe even type of automation could be designed to vary depending on situational demands
42
Q

How do we determine the primary evaluation criteria ?

A
  • Via mental workload = Less workload leads to more efficiency on important task -> works via information automatization
43
Q

How can we determine if an automatization is bad ?

A
  • Based on situational awareness = automation of decision making functions may reduce awareness to the system
  • Less awarenss leads to worst understandin of process leading to a decison
  • This will also lead to skill degredation
44
Q

How do we determine the secondary evaluation criteria ?

A
  • A good automaton reliability is not dertemines by hard numbers such as the mean but by the variance of the mean
  • But in general based on the complexity and size of the software testing for all reliability errors is impossible
45
Q

How can we still work with high lvl automatization eventhough 100% reliability can neer be achived ?

A
  • It is possible when the opperator has acces to rawr data and is aware of the unreliability so hw knows that he has to keep his attention towards the system
46
Q

What is meant by error tapping ?

A
  • When a system is highly auomated “error tapping refeers to the last chance to intervene
47
Q

When is high lvl of automatization especially important ?

A
  • highly time-critical situations in which humans can’t respond quickly enough
48
Q

In which situation should we never use a high automatization systeme ?

A
  • When the human operator is ever expected under abnormal circumstances to take over control
49
Q

How do we achieve the best performace in a company where machines are being used ?

A
  • When humans and machines work together
  • Actively enhance each other’s complementary (gegensätzliche) strengths
  • Companies which use Ai mainly to displace jobs will only see short term productivity
50
Q

What are unique strenghts in a human being ?

A
  • leadership, teamwork, creativity and social skills
51
Q

What are unique strenghts in a machinen ?

A
  • speed, scalability quantitative capabilities
52
Q

How do humans assist machines ?

A
  • Training: (Training via huge data sets)-> make them learn from us
  • Explaining: AI reaches conclusions via unclear processes -> so we need experts to explain findings
  • Sustaining: Machines need sustainers who ensure that AI systems function properly
53
Q

How do machines assist humans ?

A
  • Amplify our cognitive strengths (better decision making) via profinding correct
  • Free us for higher lvl task via interacting with customers
  • Extend physical capabilities
54
Q

What are the 5 charactersitcs where companies typicall want to improve ?

A
  • Flexability (more adaptive to new cirsumstances)
  • Speed (time is money)
  • Scale (advance allready existing tools)
  • Decision making
  • Personalisation (customization)
55
Q

What are new roles created by the integration of AI systems in a company?

A
  • Fusion skill workers = working in the interaction between human and machine
  • Training AI systems
  • Need people who make sure that AI systems are used responsibly
56
Q

How to get the most value out of AI ?

A
  1. Discover what needs to be improved
  2. Develope a solution via co- creation
  3. Scale in the imprved field and work on sustantion
57
Q

What does HRI stand for ?

A
  • Human robot interaction
58
Q

Where are robots currently used ?

A
  • In an enviorment that is unsafe or unreachable for humans
59
Q

What is the key tool for a co creation or for a human robot team to reach its goal ?

A
  • Trust
60
Q

What happens when there is an inappropriate lvl of trus is existing between robot and human ?

A
  • To much trust: overuse
    and misuse of the system
  • No trust: leads to disuse of the sysetm
61
Q

What does trust inparticular influence ?

A
  • Neglect tolerance
62
Q

What is meant by negelect tolerance ?

A
  • the extent to which the robot can perform task in absence of human attention
63
Q

What does to much neglect lead to ?

A
  • u lose the awareness of the situation, u wont know how the robot process information
64
Q

What does to little neglect lead to ?

A
  • Performance decreases since the operator can not attend to own task
65
Q

How do we perfectly determine the lvl of negelct in a robot ?

A
  • Knowing the capabilities of the robot and knowing the lvl of human robot trust
66
Q

What influences trust ?

A
  • High infleunce: the robot performance
  • > higher reliability = higher trsut
  • Moderate infleunce: Enviormental factors
67
Q

When do we not use a robot ?

A
  • When the risk of using a robot is larger then the perceived benefits

Man and Machine (12 decks)

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