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Man and Machine > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by cognitive science ?

A
  • Explains how the mind carries out task via gathering info from cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, informatics, neurobiology, and philosophy
  • study how the How the mind makes makes process based on neuronal system
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2
Q

What is the core of cognitive science ?

A
  • computational-representational understanding of Mind (CRUM)
  • Thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structure
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3
Q

What is meant by cognitive modeling?

A
  • Translating psychological theory into a computer programm (simulating human problem-solving and mental processing)
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4
Q

What are the 3 steps of cognitive modeling ?

A
  • computational lvl
  • The representational lvl (How do we get to the goal in terms of steps)
  • The physcial lvl (How can we implement the single steps into the system)
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5
Q

According to cognitive science. How does thinking work ?

A
  • Thinking is the result of mental representations and computational processes that operate on those (part of CRUM)
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6
Q

According to cognitive science. How does behaviour work ?

A
  • Behaviour is the result of mental representations and algorithmic processes that operate on those (part of CRUM)
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7
Q

What is meant by AI ?

A
  • Artificial intelligence
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8
Q

What was one of the first learning technique of an AI ? And by which method was that technique replaced by ?

A
  • Rule based learning = trying to figure out the rules of human behaviour and programming those into a computer -> did not work out since the dynamic of behvaiour and the enviorment is to complex
  • Replaced by: deep learning
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9
Q

What is meant by deep learning ?

A
  • complete opposite of rule based learning
  • feed a bunch of data to data structures that are modelled on the human brain
  • The computer learns based on that data
  • Needs a set of alogorithm which incodes the data and are based on neural networks
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10
Q

What is the defintion of an AI ?

A
  • It is a system that is capbale of intelligent behaviour by anlyzing their enviorment and taking actions with some degree of autonomy to achieve a goal
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11
Q

Why is AI sometimes superior in decision making ?

A
  • Since AI works highly rational

- Choose the best action in order to achieve a goal

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12
Q

How does an AI execute an action ?

A
  1. Perceives enviorment trough sensors -> knowledge
  2. Reasons based on given knowledge (interpretation and prediction)
  3. Decision making
  4. Action via actuators (hands)
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13
Q

What i meant by Rational AI ?

A
  • An AI system which does not adapt behaviour over time
  • They do not learn
  • Still make rational choices
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14
Q

What is meant by Learning rational AI ?

A
  • evaluates actions to adapt reasoning rules and decision-making methods (Aka learning)
    • Rational decision making
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15
Q

What is meant by General AI system ?

A
  • Can perform most activities which human can perform
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16
Q

What is meant by Narrow AI system ?

A
  • can perform one or few specific tasks
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17
Q

What is meant by Black box AI ?

A
  • makes accurate predictions but can’t trace back the reason for certain decisions
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18
Q

Why is deep learning so important for decision making ?

A
  • It allows AI system to solve problems which can not be specified/ whose solution method can not be described by symbolic rules
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19
Q

What are some of the unique features which AI system can learn due to deep learning ?

A
  • speech, language understanding and behaviour prediction
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20
Q

What are other ways of learning regarding AI systems ?

A
  • Reinforcment learning

- Supervised learning

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21
Q

How does Reinforcment learning work ?

A
  • AI system is free to make decisions, but only good ones are provided with a reward signal
  • used for ads
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22
Q

How does Supervised learning work ?

A
  • instead of giving behavioural rules to the system, we provide it with examples of input-output behaviour, hoping that it will be able to generalise from exampls
  • also should work in situation where no input was previded
  • So basically both input and desired output data are provided (teacher) but those are in different context so it should generalize from those
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23
Q

How does deep learning improve/learn?

A
  • contains units with connections between

- Via training you adjust the weights of the connections

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24
Q

What is meant by technical singularity ?

A
  • If an AI is sufficiently intelligent, it might be able to reprogram and improve itself
  • The formula or the algorithm become infinte
25
Q

What is meant by the turning point ?

A
  • the point where machine intelligence exceeds human intelligence
26
Q

What is meant by the turning test ?

A
  • Can u tell the difference between AI and human
27
Q

JUST FOR CLEARIFICATION-> What is the underlying mechanism of machine learning ?

A
  • Algorithms (like a recipe for cooking)

- following instructions

28
Q

What is meant by counselling ?

A
  • A professional relationship which provides assistance and guidance in resolving personal or psychological problems.
  • Based on three factors
  • AI and counselling is already connected
29
Q

Which are the 3 factors of counselling ?

A
  • Professional relationship
  • Empowering
  • Acomplishig goals
30
Q

Is the historical machine capable of counselling ? (based on the three factors)

A
  • Can not accomplish a professional relationship
  • Can likely not empower an action or help to accomplish a goal
  • Capable of basics NLP
31
Q

Is the contemporary machine capable of counselling ? (based on the three factors)

A
  • Can not accomplish a professional relationship
  • Do not know if it empowers and action
  • but helps to accomplish a goal
  • Improvement of NLP
32
Q

Is the Aritifical general intelligence capable of counselling ? (based on the three factors)

A
  • central ethical question if it can form a professional relationship -> FEAR of takeover
  • Can empower and als can acomplish goals
33
Q

Is the superintelligence AI system capable of counselling ? (based on the three factors)

A
  • Yes to all three factors of counselling

- Far surpasses human intelligence and accomplishes goals we can’t

34
Q

What is meant by NLPS ?

A
  • natural language processing
35
Q

In what do we need to improve to develope an AI system which provides perfect counselling ?

A
  • Research into ethics

- > To ensure data security and privacy

36
Q

Which human skill can be replaced by an AI ?

A
  • Predictions of outcomes
37
Q

Which human skill can not be replaced by an AI ?

A
  • Judgment
38
Q

How would AI impact a manager position ?

A
  • Manager position should shift there skills from forming predictions to making accruate judgement
  • Managerial challenge
39
Q

What are some pros regarding AI ?

A
  • Inexpensive
  • Has a faster and larger access to collected data
  • Takes old knowledge and generating new once
  • better at predictions
  • No bias
40
Q

What are some cons regarding AI ?

A
  • FEAR
  • Since it could be misused
  • Also AI or machines often do not give us what we asked for
41
Q

When will the first AI system be devloped ?

A
  • Most comman answer is in the next 15 and 25 year but this answer is bais cause the prediction is made by people who want to still take credits for there work
42
Q

How can we determinen the impact of an machine/AI ?

A
  • “How does the technology reduce costs” ?

- Example: Ai reduces the coast of prediction

43
Q

When can AI systems take over humans ?

A
  • When AI systems are capable of correct judgement
44
Q

What is meant by artifical ?

A
  • machines, computers
45
Q

What is meant by intelligence ?

A
  • ability to accomplish complex goals
46
Q

What differentiates AI from normal machines ?

A
  • AI must have the capacity to learn
  • contain autonomoy
  • may possess skills and abilities unknown to its human originators
47
Q

What are the names of some special AI robots ?

A
  • Woebot

- Ellie

48
Q

What is so special about Woebot ?

A
  • a text-based agent (bot)that employs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • gives self-help techniques in conversation-like interactions with users
  • reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in young adults
49
Q

What is so special about Ellie ?

A
  • is a virtual human interviewer, combines virtual reality with affective computing
  • interpret client’s verbal responses, facial expressions, and vocal intonations
  • good at reducing distress PTSD anxiety and depression
  • Also works with CBT
50
Q

Where in the field of clinical psychology can AI be used ?

A
  • clinical training,
  • treatment
  • psychological assessment
  • and clinical decision making
51
Q

Why would it be good to have an AI system as a therapist?

A
  • AI therapist could be accessed anywehre needed
  • reduces concerns of privacy
  • Could be used to asses large nuber of people if they need further treatment (military)
  • makes treatment more affordable
52
Q

What is meant by a super clinician ?

A
  • Ai that has capabilities which go beyond humans
  • based on sensory technologies
  • Can identfy stuff which can not be seen by the human eye
  • also contains complete autonomy
53
Q

What is important for an AI in order to be able to interact with patients ?

A
  • resepct cultural differences and expectations from the client
  • be aware of Interpersonal warmth, empathy, and therapeutic relationship
54
Q

What are the ethical guideliness for AI ?

A
  1. artificially intelligent robots must not harm a human being
  2. must obey orders of human beings
  3. AI must protect their own existence
  4. a robot should not harm humanity
55
Q

What is meant Brain Computer Interfaces?

A
  • direct coupling/inserting of AI technology directly to the human brain
56
Q

What are the possibilities regarding Brain machine interface ?

A
  • Repair / restore / improve general cognitive abilities
57
Q

What is the downside of brain machine interface ?

A
  • It could change the “self” in unexpected ways

- > Cyborgs

58
Q

What do humans lack on ?

A
  • Accruacy regarding prediction
  • Humans ignoring base rates, assign non-optimal weights to cues
  • human use heuristics
  • Clinicians often do not receive adequate feedback

Man and Machine (12 decks)

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