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Man and Machine > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of creativity?

A
  • Unique, original, novel and useful (across generations)
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2
Q

What types of creativity do we have ?

A
  • P-creativity
  • H- creativity
  • Big C creativity
  • little C creativity
  • Pro C Creativity
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3
Q

What is meant by P creativity ?

A
  • it is creative with respect to the mind of the person concerned, even if others have had that idea already
  • P = Psychological
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4
Q

What is meant by H creativity ?

A
  • P creativity + it has never occured in history before
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5
Q

How do we (humans in general) exercise creativity?

A
  • Via interactions
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6
Q

What is meant by Big C creativity?

A
  • A product that is judged to be novel and appropriate, useful or valuable by a suitably knowledgeable social group
  • Breaktrough idea
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7
Q

What is meant by little C creativity?

A
  • individual capacities for doing things in novel ways (= everyday procedures)
  • coming up with a new recipy
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8
Q

On what does little C creativity depend on?

A
  • Depends on emotional input and complex operations of human consciousness
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9
Q

For what is litlle C creativity needed ?

A
  • developing computer-based algorithms that aim to imitate human thinking patterns
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10
Q

What is meant by Pro C creativity ?

A
  • creativity that is developed within existing domains of knowledge but isn’t “paradigm busting”
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11
Q

What is meant by problem space ?

A
  • the entire range of components that exist in the process of finding a solution to a problem.
  • All possible data
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12
Q

How does creativity emerge ?

A
  • Via the individualist approach

- or the Sociocultural Approach

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13
Q

What is meant by the individualist approach ?

A
  • Is a view that focus on Individuals as the unit of creativity
  • leaves out social and cultural perspective
  • Creativity involves combinations of previously mastered concepts
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14
Q

What is meant by the sociocultural approach ?

A
  • Collective generation and acceptance of new
    ideas
  • creativity is not dependend on one individual but rather on 3 elements
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15
Q

What are the 3 elements of the sociocultural approach ?

A
  • Depends on individual talent (indvidual), existing info/culture (domain)
    and judgement by experts (society/field)
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16
Q

What are the 3 components influencing BIG C ?

A
  • Accepted and agrgeed upon domain of current knowledge
  • Individual who alters a component of the domain
  • Field of experts that decides whether the novelty will be accepted into the existing domain
  • (Three components: Field of experts + Domain + Individual)
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17
Q

What is the problem with Ai and creativity ?

A
  • Creativity is difficult to put in a cognitive model
  • Humans must first find a way to impart rule based algorithms or to train the AI via deep learning
  • Is possibel (Creativity 4.0)
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18
Q

What is meant by Creativity 4.0?

A
  • 4 Components: Domain, field of experts, Indvidual and AI
  • AI gets influenced by the Individual but is also capable of gaining knowledge independedtly of the individual form the Domain
  • Conlsuion: The AI would lead to better prediction then the human / better creativty since new combinations are independent from originally provided info
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19
Q

What is the key component for an AI system to become creative ?

A
  • The way it learns
    1: Rule based learning
    2: Deep learning (better)
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20
Q

What is meant by deep learning ?

A
  • machine learning where artificial neural networks (algorithms), are inspired by the human brain
  • Algorithms learn from a big data via trail and error
21
Q

Why is the creativity of an AI system not yet equivalent to the human creativity ?

A
  • because of the absence of the emotional arousal system
  • > No emotional reasoning
  • > Only utilitarianism is possible
22
Q

Why are so many people afraid of creativity 4.0?

A
  • They can replace jobs of humasn
  • AI system could reflect only the intrest f the programmer (to complex and could be for exampel rasist)
  • Could know to much personal knowledge
23
Q

What is an advantage of AI ?

A
  • make important decisions without emotional attachment -> Utilitarian
24
Q

What is meant by Utilitarian ?

A
  • most beneficial outcome for the largest group of people
25
Q

What is meant by parallel processing ?

A
  • processing multiple things at the same time
26
Q

What is meant by serial processing ?

A
  • processing only one think at a time ?
27
Q

What is the creative process regarding the big C ?

A

Step 1 Preparation-> Problem finding in a certain domain + Familiraise with potentional solutions
Step 2 Incubation -> set the problem aside when no progress was made + time allows creators to process that information
Step 3 Illumination -> insight is reached via Divergent thinking and combination
Step 4 Verfication -> put idea into the final form

28
Q

What happens during incubation ?

A
  • Solution often simply occurs
  • It is not about the ideas which u thought were relevant it is about the previously unrelevant facts which bring the insight
29
Q

At what age do u reach the pick of creativity ?

A
  • at the age of 25-35 (inverted u shape)
30
Q

How is intelligent and creativity related ?

A
  • The more intelligent one is the more creative one is

- Only holds true for on IQ of maximum 120

31
Q

What was campbell idea of creativity? (ASK Johanna or ellena)

A
  • exist of selective retention and blind variation
  • quasi-random thoughts might just by chance lead to something creative (thinking about 16 hours a day)
  • “creative insight”
  • links biological evolution to creativity: random variants that are fit are retained and unfit ideas will vanish
32
Q

What is meant by the defocused attention theory ?

A
  • To have a creative idea one has to be conscious of it -> Consciousness is the combination of short term memory and attention
  • Different attention capacity explain individual differences regarding consciousness which therefore means differences regarding creativity
  • The more attention skills u have the better you can attend to multiple ides
33
Q

What is meant by the “flat associative hierarchy theory” ?

A
  • Attetion can be either focused or defocused
  • Focused attention leads to high activty of a few nodes
  • Attention defocusing: leads to less activation among more nodes
  • High activity among a few nodes leads to inhibition of nodes
  • Therefore defocused attention = less inhibition = more nodes active = better short term memory = more creativty
  • flat associative hierarchy are in general more creative = defocused attention
34
Q

How does creativity work regarding primary and secondary thinking ?

A
  • Creative people are better at switching bewteen primary (free and abstract) and secondary process thinking (logic)
  • > Therefore they can use primary processing not only for affective thinking but for all kinds of thinking stlyes
  • primary processing = creativity
35
Q

How is creativity linked to arousal ? (theory of creativity and arousal) -Ask elena

A
  • Anything that increases arousal causes decreases on tests of creativity
  • High arousal lvl = less nodes are active
  • creative people are in general more variable in their level of arousal
36
Q

Based on the 5 theoris mentioned above. Which factors could influence creativity ?

A
  • Arousal, attention, primary processing and quasi randomness + increased functional connectivity between default network and central executive network
37
Q

Which brain areas are needed in order to become creative ?

A
  • interplay between VMPFC to DLPFC
  • Interplay between default mode network and executive control network -> active during creative performance
  • Anterior insula (salience) network controls the switching
  • Dual-model of creativity !!
38
Q

What is the function of the default network ?

A
  • Divergent/abstract thinking
  • It is about idea generation /spontaneous thoughts
  • bottom up
39
Q

What is the function of the central executive network ?

A
  • Convergent thinking
  • it is about: Evaluation of the info from the default network
  • Top down processing
40
Q

What is meant by connectionsim ?

A
  • it states that human mental processes (such as learning) can be explained by the computational modeling of neural nets (networks)
  • artificial intelligence approach to cognition in which multiple connections between nodes (equivalent to brain cells) form a massive interactive network in which many processes take place
41
Q

What do we need for neuronal networks ?

A
  • Processing units/nodes (= neurons)
  • Activation state of nodes (high activation = attention + low activtaion = short term memory)
  • Pattern of connections among the nodes = long-term memory
  • Learning rules = Hebbian learning rule
42
Q

What is meant by the hebbian learning rule?

A
  • Simultaneously activated = connection strengthened
43
Q

What is meant by Computational creativity?

A

= artifical creativity

  • The goal would be that a computer can replicate human lvl creativity
  • Also in gneral to understand human creativity
  • Or to enhance humans creativity without the human being creative on his own
44
Q

What are the three different ways in which creativity happens ?

A
  • unfimiliar combination (of existing idas), exploration (moving within the conceptual space and apply rules within the field) and transformation (altering one or more of the defined dimensions)
45
Q

What is meant by System autonomy ?

A
  • when a system changes its standards without explicit help
46
Q

What is meant by an Simulated Annealing algorithm ?

A
  • It solves optimization problems
  • avoid the problem of getting trapped in a local maximum
  • wants to Identfy the global optimum
  • It randomly generated new points
  • The algorithm accepts all new points that lower the objective, but also, with a certain probability, points that raise the objective- > reason why it awoids to get trapped
  • models the physical process of heating a material and then slowly lowering the temperature
47
Q

What is meant by an optimization problem ?

A
  • is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions
48
Q

Regarding which creativity is the Ai system better then the human and why ?

A
  • Exploratory creativity

- use conceptual spaces which can be explored to come up with creative ideas

49
Q

Regarding which creativity is the Ai system worse then the human and why ?

A
  • Cobinational creativity
  • Combining links that were not linked
    beforehard

Man and Machine (12 decks)

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