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Complex cognition > Task 9 > Flashcards

Task 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What does linguistic relativity mean ?

A

– the ways in which speakers of any given language think are influenced by the language they speak

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2
Q

What is the Whorfian hypothesis ? (name two position)

A
  • language determines/influences thinking

- strong and weak position

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3
Q

What is the strong position according to thw Whorfian hypothesis ?

A
  • differences in language cause different in thinking
  • E.g = unable to think about a topic if we don’t have the relevant words available to us
  • E.g = numerical condition
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4
Q

What is meant by numerical condition ?

A

: in absence of linguistic terms for specific numbers people are not able to understand numerical concepts

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5
Q

What is the intermediate position according to thw Whorfian hypothesis ?

A
  • language influences certain aspects of cognition such as perception & memory
  • language cause preferences
  • Effects of language are very task-specific
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6
Q

What is now the the more supported position regarding the WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS ?

A
  • intermediate hypothesis

- Language causes a tendency for people to attend to, perceive & remember information in certain ways

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7
Q

What aspects are influencd according to the whofrian hypothesis ?

A
  • colour categoristaion
  • describing odour/smell
  • Spatial perception
  • Perception of Agency
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8
Q

What is meant by the common ground ?

A
  • Shared knowledge & beliefs possessed by a speaker & a listener that facilitates communication
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9
Q

What is the major goal of each conversation ?

A

increasing & extending common ground

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10
Q

How do we understand sentences of others ?

A
  • Via the pragmatic model of grice

- Via the prediction model (kintsch)

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11
Q

Explain the pragmatic model of grice:

A
  • it explains how we understand metaphorical and other statements
  • 3 steps:
    1. Understand literal meaning
    2. Decides if it makes sense in he current context
    3. If it does not make sense sarch for a suitable non literal meaning
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12
Q

Explain the the prediction model (kintsch):

A

Explains metaphorical sentences via two processes

  • Latent semantic analysis
  • construction intergration copmonent
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13
Q

Why is the pragmatical model of grice not correct ?

A
  • because it says that metaphorical meanings are much slower assesed the literal ones which not the case
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14
Q

What is the explanation of why people do not have a conversation based on a common ground ?

A

-Egocentric Heuristic

Keysar

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15
Q

Explain the Egocentric Heuristic

(Keysar):

A
  • interpretation of what they hear based only on their own knowledge rather then based on a common ground
  • because people are effortless use heuristic
  • Eg: bookcase experiment
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16
Q

Dscribe the bookcase experiment:

A
  • speaker = pt small candle above it

- reciever = grabed a candle which the speaker could not see and was not aware offn

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17
Q

What are the limitations on the Egocentric Heuristic ?

A
  • existing common groung more effortless then the heuristic
  • heuristic less often used between friends
  • proof was conducted in a very artifical setting (bookcase experiment)
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18
Q

How does Wm impact language comprehension ?

A
  • HIgh WM:
    1. high attention & attentional control (reduced mind wandering)
    2. more effective situation models when reading
    3. better at discriminating between relevant & irrelevant info
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19
Q

What happens when u are low on WM ?

A
  • seductive details affect
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20
Q

What is meant by the seductive details effect ?

A
  • tendency to reduce comprehension of a text with irrelevant info
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21
Q

How do the European view the correlation between talking and thinking ?

A
  • talking allways had a privileged position regaridng thinking(greek = no greater skill) -> belief that thought & speech are closely related
  • Thoughts are verbal
  • conclude things about people based on what they say
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22
Q

How do Asian people view the correlation between talking and thinking ?

A
  • talking was not correlated to thinking (who knows does not speak)
  • thought are non vebal
  • See less of a connection between what one says and who one is
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23
Q

What kind of communication did the European use and why ?

A
  • explicit
  • not as much effort regarding building relationships/common ground ->low context-> more explicit communication is needed
  • Eg: meaning of the word is more important then the spoken tone
24
Q

What kind of communication did the Asian use and why ?

A
  • implicit
  • much effort regarding building relationships/common ground -> higher contect -> more implicit communication
  • E.g: tone is more important than the literal meaning of the word
25
Q

What can we conclude regarding cross cultural differences ?

A
  • Less speech doesn’t necessarily mean less communication

- the closer we are the less speech we need

26
Q

What other factors influence thinking ?

A
  • The use of foreign language

- Bilingualism

27
Q

How does foreign language influences thinking ?

A
  • shapes moral judgment
  • Heightened utilitarianism (Improvment of system 2)
  • > explains trolley dilemma ! = non native would accept the circumstances in the bridge case then non native
  • Blunted deontology account (stunts system 1)
  • more rule based acting (systematic) then morality acting
28
Q

Why do people act more systematic / rule based ?

A
  • moral violations depeend on norms -> which are learned through social interaction thought in native language -> since language activates a a recall process only the native language recalls social norms
29
Q

How does Bilingualism influence thinking ?

A
  • better cognitive control
  • better attention to language (actiavtion of DLPC)
  • enhancment of control mechanism
  • more mental flexibility
  • Better inhibition of irrelevant facts better selection of relevant facts and better sustained attention
30
Q

Which two theories explain how inference occur ?

A
  • Constructuvist approach

- Minimalist approach

31
Q

What is the Constructuvist approach about ?

A
  • Readers construct mental models of sitch & events described
  • inferneces are drawn automatically even when not required
32
Q

What is the - Minimalist approach about ?

A
  • Inferences are either automatic (only a few!) or strategic (= goal directed)
  • NOT ALLWAYS Automatic
  • Automatic inferences: establish local coherence (make sense of a few sentences)
  • Strategic inferences: created by the readers goal
33
Q

What is the graded salience hypothesis about ?

A
  • salient information are easier to process/ understand
34
Q

What are the 3 types of inferences ?

A
  • logical inferences
  • Bridging inferences
  • Elaborative inferences
35
Q

What is meant by Logical inferences ?

A
  • depend only on the meaning of the words

- e.g. a widow is a female

36
Q

What is meant by Bridiging inferences ?

A
  • builds coherence/rlationship between current and preceding part of the text
  • uses bonding (info from previous sentences
  • uses resolution = overall interpretation is consistent with context
37
Q

What is meant by Elaborative inferences ?

A
  • based on own knowledge & involve adding details to a text
38
Q

Name an example of bridging inferneces ?

A

Anaphor resolution

  • noun hat to be linked to previous noun
  • E.g: Tom sold Dave his CD because he hated it
39
Q

What additional factor influencess inferences?

A
  • superioir reading skills
  • WM
  • engagment
40
Q

What are the limitations of the Minimalist Hypothesis ?

A
  • Most elaborative inferences are made at recall rather than during reading
41
Q

What is the opposite of the WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS ?

A
  • Universalism
42
Q

What is meant by Universalism ?

A
  • Ur thinking determines how u speak

- E.g Inventing a new word

43
Q

Who suggested a theory which is lies between the universalism and whorfian hypothesis , and what does it state ?

A
  • Vygotsky

- language and thought are independent of each other

44
Q

In which way do native speaker respond ?

A
  • They use Deontological responding
45
Q

What is meant by Deontological responding ?

A
  • they repsond in consideration of moral values and not consider consequences
  • opposite to utilitarianism responding
46
Q

What is meant by utilitarianism responding ?

A
  • Only focus on consequences

- do what is best for the group

47
Q

According to the foreign language effect which of the two factors (Blunted deontology account vs Heightened utilitarianism) gained more support ?

A
  • Blunted deontology account
48
Q

Explain the Event intdex model:

A
  • While reading or waching/ listenning u create a mental model
  • it is about narrative text (simple)
  • Model exist out of 5 aspects
49
Q

What are the five aspects of the menatl model ?

A
  • Protagonist
  • Temporality
  • Causality (event relationship)
  • Spatiality
  • Intenionality (people relationship)
50
Q

What happens when the outdated infos are updated ?

A
  • Here and now view -> modern vies is more present

- Resonance view -> new info resonates with existing knowledge (both infos are equally kept)

51
Q

What does the event segmentation mean ?

A
  • Explains how updating works
    1. Incremtal updating = step by step so one dimensions get replaced by the next
    2. Global updating = whole model is replaced
52
Q

How does the Schema theory work ?

A
  • schemas contain essentail info which are needed for understanding input and to form expectations
  • comprehension and memory are depended on the top down process which is triggered by schema
  • schema can also lead to wrong comprehension of the story
53
Q

How does the Construction integration model work ?

A

-it explains comprehnsion of texts based on the combination of schemas with mental model

54
Q

How do schemas wrongly predict the comprehension of a story ?

A
  • Rationalisation:
  • levelling
  • Sharpening
  • > elena
55
Q

What are the limitations of the schema theory ?

A
  • disagreement regarding definition of schemas and what infos they precisely contain
  • to many errors in comprehension due to schema
56
Q

What are the limitations of the construction integration model ?

A

-> elena

57
Q

What is the process of the construction integration model ?

A

-> elena

Complex cognition (9 decks)

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