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Complex cognition > Task 3 > Flashcards

Task 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major definition of problem solving ?

A
  • cognitive processing transforming a given situation into a goal situation when no obvious method of solution is available
  • subjective
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2
Q

What are well defined problem ?

A
  • All aspects of the problem are clearly specified

- Goal and instructions are clear

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3
Q

What are ill defined problems ?

A
  • Not specified solutions
  • Goal and instructions are not clear
  • > Most everyday problem
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4
Q

What are knowledge rich problems ?

A
  • can only be solved via background knowledge
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5
Q

What are knowledge lean problems ?

A
  • can be solved with no prior knowledge

- all necessary info are provided

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6
Q

What are charcteristics of problems solving ?

A
  • its purposeful (goal directed)
  • involves controlled rather then automatic processed
  • A problem only exist if someone lecks the relvant knowledge to get a solution
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7
Q

What are the four kind of problems ?

A
  • Well defined
  • ill defined
  • knowledge rich prob
  • knowledge lean prob
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8
Q

What are the three influencing factors regarding problem solving ?

A
  • Past experience
  • Incubation (how long u ignore the problem)
  • Expertise
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9
Q

Why is past experience so key for problem solving but why can it also be dangerous ?

A
  • increase ability

- Dangerous because of functional fixedness and einstellung

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10
Q

What is functional fixedness ?

A
  • fail to solve a problem because we assume from past experience that any given object has a limited number of uses
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11
Q

What is Einstellung ?

A
  • mental set in which people use a familiar strategy even where there is a simpler alternative or the problem cannot be solved using it
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12
Q

Why is incubation so important for problem solving ?

A
  • it is easier to solve a problem when it is put aside for some times
  • Higher effect on creative problem solving
  • Example would be sleeping
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13
Q

What is wallas information on incubation and what is simons opinion on it ?

A
  • W: Subconscious keeps proccesing even if conscious works on something else
  • S: missleading info will be forgotton
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14
Q

Why is being an expertise good for problem solving ?

A
  • because of routine expertise
  • Adaptive expertise
  • Chunking template theory !
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15
Q

What is the chunking and template theory in relationship to expertise ? ?

A
  • Chunking is old theory of memory storage ->
  • chunks are larger in expertise then in non = more meory storage is possible
  • Template = New theory more complex
  • says that a chunk exist out of a core (so the fixed info and of slots which are more variable by expertise = more additional info can be stored
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16
Q

What is routine expertise ?

A
  • using acquired knowledge to solve familiar problems efficiently
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17
Q

What could be a an issue of problem solving ?

A
  • Mental site (mind thinks in a certain way which is not useful )
  • Perceptual set (tendency to see object in a certain fixed way)
  • incomplete or incorrect representation
  • lack of expertise
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18
Q

What is the behaviorism theory regarding problem solving ?

A
  • Thorndike
  • > Trial and error learning = solution reached bey random reponses
  • reproductive thinking
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19
Q

What is adaptive expertise ?

A
  • using acquired knowledge to develop strategies for dealing with novel problems
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20
Q

What is reproductive thinking ?

A
  • use of previous experiences/ knowledge to solve a current problem
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21
Q

What is the gestalt theory of how to solve problems ?

A
  • based on insighst
  • productive thinking
  • Example is the two string task
  • involves cognitive conflict
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22
Q

What is insight ?

A
  • “ahaaaa experience

- the experience of suddenly realising how to solve a problem

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23
Q

Hww do we gain insight based on the gestalt people ?

A
  • usimg contradictions -> thinks that stand out against our expectation
  • Connections
  • Creativity
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24
Q

What is the conscious cue effect ?

A
  • speeding up the procces of insight by highlighting certain objects which are neccesary !
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25
Q

What is the cognitive conflict ?

A
  • replacing one way of thinking about a problem with a new more efficient way to gain insight
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26
Q

What is the representational change theory ?

A
  • based on gestalt but more detailed explanation on how to gain insight
  • aso works with insight to solve certain problems
27
Q

What are the Ways to gain insight regarding the representational approach ?

A
  • It’s abput the representation

- changing up the representation

28
Q

How do we change the reprensentation according to the Represntational approach ?

A
  1. Elaboration/ additional info -> adding information
  2. Constraint relaxation -> any inhibition are removed
  3. Re encoding; some aspect of the problem is reinterpreted
29
Q

What are some limitations regarding The gestalt approach ?

A
  • Not specific enough also regarding cognitive processe on how to gain insight
30
Q

What are some limitations on the representational change theory ?

A
  • Often not possible to predcit 5W question regarding representational change
  • does not emphasised individual differences
31
Q

What is the problem spaced hypothesis regarding problem solving ?

A
  • does not focus on insights
  • searching trough problem space
  • Humans use heuristics
  • only works for well defined problem
32
Q

What is a problem space ?

A
  • Alternative to insight theorys
  • description of all the possible states/phases that can occur in a problem situation (initial state, goal state and operators (steps and rules)
  • only good for well defined problems
33
Q

Why do humans use heuristic and not the complet problem space ?

A
  • ST and LTM it is impossible to keep the problem space/attention in mind
34
Q

What kind of heuristic do we us e ?

A
  1. Means-ends analysis
  2. Hill climbing
  3. Progress monitoring
  4. Generate and test techniques
  5. Backtracking
35
Q

What does means ends analysis mean ?

A
  • creating a sub-goal to reduce the difference between the current situation & goal state
36
Q

What does hill climbing

mean ?

A
  • if you have doubt on how to get to the solution choose a goal which brings u closer
37
Q

What does prgress monitoring mean ?

A
  • slow progress toward solution leads to the adaption of a different strategy
38
Q

What does generate and test techniques mean?

A
  • Generating possible solutions and then testing them (so multiple)
39
Q

What does Backtracking mean ?

A
  • Problem solver keeps track of all assumption made before, possible to go back
40
Q

What are some limitations regarding the problem space hypothesis ?

A
  • well defined problem are not everyday problem
  • not for insight problems
  • de emphasizes individuell differences
41
Q

What is cognitive misserliness regarding problem solving ?

A
  • a technique to solve a problem which focus on using as less energy as possible
42
Q

What is analogical problem solving ?

A
  • using problems from the past to solve current problems
43
Q

What is a postitive or negative transfer ?

A
  • Positive transfer = past experience help

- Negative transfer = Past experience do not help

44
Q

What is far transfer and what is near transfer ?

A
  • Far transfer: postive transfer to disimlar context

- Near transfer: positive transfer to a smilar context

45
Q

What are the three dimensions determing the distance betweeen two problems ?

A
  1. task similarity = structure and propetires
  2. context similarity = location, people
  3. time interval= the period of time difference between past and present
46
Q

What are some limitations regarding the analogical problem ?

A
  1. We do not know the underlying mechanism of transferring
  2. No focus on individual differences
  3. the match of past and current problem is difficult in everyday life
47
Q

How do we become an expert ?

A
  1. Task is at an appropriate level of difficulty
  2. needs feedback
  3. chances to repeat
  4. oppotunity to correct errors
48
Q

Why is it good to be an expert ?

A
  • Experts can get round the limited capacity of working memory -> Long-term working memory
  • not better WM but a combination of WM and LTM
49
Q

What are some limitations regarding practice leading to expert ?

A
  • Deliberate practice is not the only factor to become an expert
  • No innate talent
  • no motivational factor
50
Q

What are the brain region which are connected to insight knowledge ?

A
  • right hemisphere (general form problem solving)
  • Anterior superior temporal gyrus (only active in insights)
  • Anterior cingulate cortex activated during cognitive conflict
  • prefrontal cortex (general for complex problem solving)
51
Q

Which brain region is active during problem solving without insight ?

A
  • occipital area
52
Q

What are the cognitive traps regarding problem solving ?

A
  • top down processing
  • inattentional Blindness
  • Conformation BIas
  • Fixation
  • Sunk coast trap
53
Q

What is top down processing ?And how can it be solved ?

A
  • Leads to encoding failure -> forgots important deatails

- Solution: Enable botton up processing trough multiple observer

54
Q

What is Inattentional Blindness? And how can it be solved ?

A
  • Failure to see things because attention is directed elsewhere
  • look for the unexpected
55
Q

What is Conformation Bias ? And how can it be solved ?

A
  • Dismiss data that contradicts prior beliefs

- Solution: challenges pre-existing beliefs

56
Q

What is fixation? And how can it be solved ?

A
  • Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective
  • Solution: reframing of problem statement
  • Remove power of social influence by writing down ideas prior to group session
57
Q

What is the Sunk Cost Trap? And how can it be solved ?

A
  • refers to a tendency for people follow through an activity that is not meeting their expectations. This is because of the time and/or money they have already invested.
  • Solution allways do parallel protoping !
58
Q

What is creativity ?

A
  • Creativity is the ability to produce work that
    is both novel and context appropriate
  • It needs to be original and effective
59
Q

What support creativity ?

personal characteristic

A
  • Willignes to grow / take risk
  • Social and political skills
  • Openness to experience, networking skills
  • Mental flexability
  • Cognitive ability
  • Ability to associate
  • Self regulation
  • motivation
60
Q

What is not helping creativity ?

A
  • time pressure
  • Old habbits
  • fear of unknown
  • Uncertainty avoidance
  • Big ego
61
Q

How does age and emotion influence creativity ?

A
  • age does not play a huge deal regarding creativity
  • Negative mood = good for persitance
  • Positive mood = flexability
62
Q

Which factors regarding contextual info play a role in combination with creativity ?

A
  • Team collaboration
  • Team diversity
  • Social networks
63
Q

What are some characteristics rgarding the Task social and physical enviorment ?

A

1/2. Social and task enviorment

  • Time and ressources
  • Risk taking should be supported
  • challenging work
  • collaboration
  • Debate (conflict)
  • postitive relationships
    3. Pysical enviormnet:
  • color, plants, windows

Complex cognition (9 decks)

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