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complex cognition > Task 8 > Flashcards

Task 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Game theory?

A
  • interaction between two agents based on:
  • common knowledge about the rules
  • rationallity
  • payoff knowledge (regarding material and utility)
  • having informaton about the opponent
  • > so it can predict certain events
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2
Q

Which theorys do provide prediction regarding furture behavior ?

A
  1. Game theory ( only rationality ) = not good predictor

2. Behavioral Game theory (rationallity + emortions) = good predictor

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3
Q

How would someone behave according to the early game theory ?

A
  • you react selfish to maximize material outcomes
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4
Q

What was the problem with the early game theory ?

A
  • could not explain charitable predition and voter turnout
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5
Q

What does the Behavioural game theory/psychological game theory include ?

A
  • social factors, fairness, social image
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6
Q

What are some solution according the game theory ?

A
  • usually first eliminates the weak strategey and then come up with the nash equiliburum ?
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7
Q

What is the nash equiliburum ?

A
  • it is a state/situation where no one has the need to change the strategy
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8
Q

What are some social decision making tasks ?

A
  • prisoners experience
  • Public goods game
  • Dictator Game
  • Ultimatum Game
  • Third party punishment game
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9
Q

What do u in general study regarding the social decison making task ?

A
  • The conflict between emotional and cognitive motivation
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10
Q

What were some findings regarding the prisoners experiment in correlation to the social decision making task ?

A
  • joint defection = nash equiliburum
  • that would be the rational way
  • but people do oftenly more cooperate in realoty (1/3) of all cases
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11
Q

Explain the public good theory :

A
  • You decide if u want to contribute to the public good and use it or u do not contribute and use it
  • Allows free riders
  • Best individual vs best collective strategy
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12
Q

Explain the dictator game:

A
  • same as the utilmate game but player B has no influence on the offer (no rejection)
  • People offer less then in the utility game
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13
Q

Explain the Ultimatum Game:

A
  • Two players
  • Player A recieves money which he can split with himself and player B
  • player B can reject the offer and then both gain nothing
  • 3 possible outcomes (fair unfair rejection)
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14
Q

How would a ratonal person react to the ultimatum game ?

A
  • Rational people allways accept
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15
Q

What was considered as a low offer regarding the ultimatum game and what what was the standard offer ?

A
  • standard offer 40%-50%

- low offer 20% - 40%

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16
Q

What would happen if u gain an offer from a computer and not from another person ?

A
  • u allways accept
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17
Q

Why would play B reject the offer ?

A
  • social influences on decision making

- punisment of because of norm breaking

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18
Q

What is meant by cooperation ?

A
  • At first us sacrifice something to create a maximum utility outcome
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19
Q

Why does cooperatin evolve in our popultion ?

A
  • Nasty rules (defecting) depend on Nice rules (cooperating)
  • If there would be no cooperator left then all who would use nasty rules would die
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20
Q

What was the best strategy regarding cooperation and defecting ?

A
  • tit for tat
    1. cooperation
    2. goes along with what the person has done on the privious choice
21
Q

What influences cooperation ?

A
  • The cosideration of person B (ur partner)
  • Empathy
  • Fear
  • Different values of people
  • Trust
  • Generosity
  • Communication
22
Q

How does the cosideration of others influence cooperation ?

A
  • lees cooperation when it was non previosuly what the person has choosen
  • persepctive taking decreased cooperation
  • High cognitive load = not able to focus = more cooperation
23
Q

How does emapthy influence cooperation ?

A
  • empathy promotes prosocial behavior !

- higher cooperation

24
Q

How does fear influence cooperation ? And what two kind of fears do we have ?

A
  1. Taking as a sucker (less cooperation)
  2. Being attacked for self intrested behavior
    (more cooperation)
    - Once fear is removed people will act greedy
    - Greedy = negative to cooperation
25
Q

How does our brain react to a fair person and not fair person get punsihed ?

A
  • Fair partner = experience pain
  • Unfair partner = no experience of pain
  • activity in pain related areas
26
Q

How do different values influence cooperation ? (name 3 different values and connect them to proscocial behavior) -> ASK ELENA WHICH OF THE LAST TWO VALUES ARE CONNECTED TO COOPERATION

A
  • Prosocial = equality (related to be around siblings)
  • Individualist (maximise own gains)
  • Competitors maximise relative gain
27
Q

What is meant by upward counterfactuals and downward counterfactuals ?

A
  • UC = behavior correlated to “ it could have been better the las time”
  • DC = behavior correlated to it could have been worse my last behavior)
  • LEARN HOW TO SPELL DC AND UC
28
Q

How does upward counterfactuals and downward counterfactuals influence cooperation ?

A

UC-> more cooperation

DC -> less cooperation

29
Q

How does trust influences cooperation ?

A
  • Trust leads to more cooepration
  • more turst is given when there is higher reputation
  • higher trust is achieved if u play social dicesion making task over and over with the same person
30
Q

How does generosity influence cooperation ?

A
  • Well peopel some times act defecting even though you do not want to
  • usually these circumstances are not controllabel
  • could lead to never ending revenge
  • Solution would be generosity = TFT +1
31
Q

How does communication influences cooperation ?

A
  • can also prevent never ending revenge relaionship which are due to not controllabel circumstances
  • inreases cooperation
32
Q

What two types of punishment do we have ?

A
  • moralistic punishment

- antisocial punishment

33
Q

What is meant by moralistic punishment ? And how does that influence cooperation ?

A
  • punishment of free riders or non cooperated people ->
34
Q

What is meant by antisocial punishment ? And how does it influence cooperation ?

A
  • punishment of high cooperators -> destabilies cooperaton also reduces the effect of moralistc punishment
35
Q

Why would someone even use antisocial punishment ?

A
  • Due to revenge
  • to motivate people to even contibute more
  • Do gooder derogation
  • normative conformaty
  • biological market theory
36
Q

What is meant by the biological market theory ?

A
  • you choose ur partner for cooperative behavior based on: most able, willing, and available to provide benefits
  • it is more a competitive cooperation
  • Goal is to look better by outbidding the partner
37
Q

What is meant by Normative conformity ?

A
  • : a desire and expectation to behave as all others do-> so all deviation are bad. So even if they are good for the group
38
Q

What is meand by the do gooder derogation ?

A
  • not on purpose but hsowing off others make the look bad because u contribute more
  • people who help get criticized
39
Q

What is the appraisal theory ?

A
  • emotions are responses to an agent evaluating a certain situation ->then creates an action response
40
Q

Name two examples regarding the appriasal theory: considering guilt and anger

A
  • Guilt arises form the feeling that u failed someone -> so u want to make up for it
  • anger araises if a goal can not be reached in a given situation -> action would be revenge
41
Q

What is meant by guilt aversion ?

A
  • the belief that guilt makes cooperation possible
42
Q

What kind of neurol activity was shown regarding guilt ?

A
  • Increase activity in insula anterior cingulate cortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction
  • connected to fair behavior
  • these areas are linked to the theory of mind
43
Q

What kind of neural activity was shown when maximising financial self-interest ?

A
  • connected to unfair bhaviour
  • increase activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex ventral striatum and dorsomedial pre frontal cortex
  • areas are linked to reward processing & mentalising
44
Q

What kind of neural activity was shown when anger influences decision making ?

A
  • dorsal ACC (Anterior cingulate cortex) and anterior insula
  • related to rejection
45
Q

Which areas active during high reasoning and which areas are active during low reasoning ?

A
  • Low lvl of reasoning -> rACC

- High lvl of reasoning (mPFC + ventralPFC)

46
Q

Which societies show higher cooperation ?

A
  • larger societies
    2 Factors:
    1. Market integration (greater trading markets)
    2. Payoff to cooepration (lots of cooperation with non-immediate kin increases coop)
47
Q

Which social class show higher cooperation lvl ? (Give examples)

A
  • upper class show more unethical behavior -> lees cooperaton
  • Example:
  • > breaking laws lie in negotiation, cheat more
48
Q

Why do upper class people show more unetical behaviour ?

A
  • > they are higher on - self-focused social cognitive tendencies (greed)
  • have usuall less structural constraints
  • higher ability to deal with consequences
  • do not care about being evaluated
  • more goal focused
49
Q

How is religion market integration and community size correlated to fairness ?

A
  • world religion= higher fiarness
  • market integartion = fairness
  • community size = higher punishment -> more fairness

complex cognition (9 decks)

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