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Complex cognition > Task 4 > Flashcards

Task 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is reasoning ?

A

-Deriving conclusions and making inferences

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2
Q

What are the two assumption regarding reasoning ?

A
  • following the rule of logic

- humans are rational

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3
Q

What is the problem with reasoning ?

A
  • Humans are not rational
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4
Q

What do u humans use instead of reasoning and why do they do so ?

A
  • Decision making

- Becasue usually there are not all info available so they use probalistic and heuristic

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5
Q

What is inductive reasoning ?

A
  • Botton up approach
  • > from specific to general
  • You observe specific outcomes and conclude them for a generalized form
  • which means they are logicly true but not have to be realisticly use
  • uses inductive strength
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6
Q

What is inductive strength ?

A
  • when it is improbable for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false
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7
Q

What is deductive reasoning ?

A
  • from general to specific
  • logic and realisic true
  • uses deductive validity
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8
Q

What is deductive validity ?

A
  • When premises are true and u reason according to the logic principles then your conclusion can not be wrong
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9
Q

What is analogical reasoning ?

A
  • Try to solve a current problem by retrieving information about a similar problem that was successfully solved in the past
  • Example: Completing a matrix
  • Part of inductive reasoning
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10
Q

What did they figure out while testing via hypothesis testing ? Also give one example

A
  • People directly follow analogical reasoning
  • which lead to confirmation bias
    and Matching bias
  • Example: 2-4-6 Wason task
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11
Q

What is conformation bias ?

A
  • people try to confirm their rule to be true rather than trying to test/ falsify it
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12
Q

What is matching bias ?

A
  • the tendency to select those cards matching the items/numbers explicitly mentioned in the rule.
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13
Q

What increases task performances ?

A
  • deontic rules ! not indictaive rules
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14
Q

What are deontic rules and what are inductuve rules ?

A
  • deontic = “must” as an indicator

- indicative rules = “can” as indicator

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15
Q

What is conditional/propositional reasoning ? (Name to examples of propositional reasoning)

A
  • A form of deductive reasoning
  • Propostions or propositional reasoning can be either true or false
  • follows a certain condition to be true !
  • Example: Modus ponen Modus tollens
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16
Q

What is Modus ponen ?

A
  • If A then B
  • Ex: if it is raining then nancy gets wet.
  • So when it rains then nancy get wet
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17
Q

What is modus tollens ?

A

If B is not then A is not

  • > Ex: Its raining = nancy wet
  • not wet = not raining
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18
Q

What is denying the antecedent?

A
  • If A is not then b is not
    Ex: it is raining = nancy is wet
    -> not raining = not wet
  • Part of conditional reasoning
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19
Q

What is affirming the consequent ?

A
  • Part of conditional reasoning

- If the last part is true the first part does not has to be true

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20
Q

How does conditional reasoning become more difficult ?

A
  • adding additional argumments
  • not using counterexamples
  • low working memory
  • compound connectivities
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21
Q

What are compound connectivities ?

A
  • more complicated proposition by using connectives such as “ and , or , if then “
22
Q

What is the belief bias ?

A
  • tendency to accept invalid conclusions that are believable rather than believe valid conclusions that are unbelievable
23
Q

What is syllogistic reasoning and why is it not that valid ?

A
  • Based on two statment and one conclusion
  • They follow the rule of logic but -> people do not allways use logic rather heuristic which leads to belief bias
  • Part of deductie reasoning
24
Q

What are some facts about formal reasoning ?

A
  • All premises are suplied
  • only one correct answer
  • methods to solve the problem exist
  • it is known when he problem is solved
  • problems are solved for own sake
25
Q

What are some facts about informal everyday reasoning ?

A
  • some premises are not suplied
  • several answers are possible
  • not realy an existing method
  • not known when problem is solved
  • problems are often solved to achieve other goals
26
Q

Why do we use informal reasoning more ?

And where do we most likly use informal reasoning ?

A
  • cuase we rather work with probalistic
  • because we are bias by prior beliefs and prior conviction
  • Where: it occurs in argumentation
27
Q

Why do premises make reasoning more difficult ?

A
  • phrasing makes reasoning easier or more difficult
  • premises can have different meanings which is why people get confused
  • the content has an impact on how easy will be understands
28
Q

What is the belivability effect?

A
  • people are likely to judge as valid any conclusion that reinforces their initial assumption
29
Q

What brain regions play a role in reasoning ?

A
  • Left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area!) deductive reasoning
  • Left dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus inductive reasoning
  • incorrect decision (and belief bias) -> ventral medial prefrontal cortex
30
Q

Why do we use religion ?

A
  • Lack of specific info about processes

- Religious belief emerges through intuitive processes (System 1 ) but can be inhubited by system 2

31
Q

What is the correlation between analytic and thinking and religious belief ?

A
  • The more analythic thinking the less religious belief and visa versa
  • Analytic thinking changes life outcomes
32
Q

How does the way of thinking changes over age ?

A
  • Piaget = From supernatural thinking in young ages to more objective and rational changes in old ages
  • Why so ? because -> education has an impact on cognitive development
  • Secularisation hypothesis
33
Q

What is the Secularisation hypothesis ?

A
  • with more access to formal education / technology natural explanations will displace supernatural explanations
34
Q

What is explanatory co existence ?

A
  • when natural and supernatural explanations try to explain the same event
35
Q

How did human explain the human orgin the death of humans and illness in humans ?

A
  1. Orgin -No explanatory coexistince
    - > mostly supernatural explanations
  2. Death = target dependent thinking (some explanatory thinking)
  3. illness = Synthetic thinking (a lot of explanatory coexistance)
    - > Study was done with people who have low lvl of industrialization and low lvl of christianity
36
Q

What does target dependent thinking mean ?

A
  • both natural and supernatural explanations are used
  • But u strictly divide them
  • Example: One problem has many sub problems
37
Q

What does Synthetic thinking mean ?

A
  • Using both explanation

- but doing without knowing (using both)

38
Q

What does Integrated thinking mean ?

A
  • explanations become well-coordinated, use both explanations to interpret multiple levels of causality
39
Q

Does every culture use explanatory coexistance ?

A
  • Explanatory coexistence can be different accros different culture
  • human mind often incoroperate both explanation
40
Q

What is the Mental method approach ?

A
  • U need a represntation of the world -> visualization of the world
  • you use models to describe premises which lead to a better understanding
41
Q

What is the key component of the Mental methody ?

A
  • working memory capacity
42
Q

What are common sourcess of error regarding the mental method ?

A
  • failure to construct relevant models

- failure to construct enough models

43
Q

What are the limitations regarding the mental method ?

A
  • Ignores individual differences and dual systems
  • Doesn’t explain which kinds of background knowledge are used
  • General u would engage in easier processes
44
Q

What is the dual system ?

A

Use reasoning trough out two stages

  • System 1 heuristic processes
  • System 2. analytic processes
45
Q

What are the components of the System 1 ?

A
  • Automatic and fast
  • intuitive responses
  • errors and biases are made within system 1
  • conrolls most of our responses
  • > mental model also part of System 1
46
Q

What are the components of the system 2 ?

A
  • Conscious process
  • Slow reflected and controlled
  • Stepping back
  • replace maybe the first constructed mental model
  • time consuming and effortfull
47
Q

What are the limitations regarding the Dual system model ?

A
  • Oversimplification of the distinction between both systems

- analytical process do not get explained enough

48
Q

Which process/principles are needed to build a mental model ?

A
  • Relevance principle
  • Singularity principle
  • Satisfying principle
49
Q

What is the relevance principle ?

A
  • the most relevant mental model based on prior knowledge current context is considered
50
Q

What is the Singularity principle ?

A
  • only a single mental is considered at any given time
51
Q

What is the Satisfying principle ?

A
  • current model is evaluated by system 2 and accepted if good
52
Q

Give anexample regarding inductive reasoning:

A
  • Pauline is a student -> pauline lives in a nice apartment all student live in a nice apartment

Complex cognition (9 decks)

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