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Complex cognition > Task 6 > Flashcards

Task 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of moral reasoning ?

A
  • The process of determine the difference between what’s right or wrong
    processing
  • based on emotions
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2
Q

What is moral dumbfounding ?

A
  • people often reach strong moral conclusions they cannot logically defend
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3
Q

What is deontology?

A
  • based on kant
  • ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong (rule based)
  • rules are made by individual for individuals because of on moral reasoning
  • rule based
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4
Q

What are some characteristics regarding deontology ? (name one limitation as well)

A
  • easy to apply
  • disregards consequences
  • solutions are sometimes inacceptable
  • avoids subjectivity and uncertainty because u have the law law
  • Does not explain how people take actions
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5
Q

What is the Doctrine of double effects ?

A
  • You may take an action which has a good and a bad effect
    1. if the intent is good
    2. and the bad effect is not the way that the good effect is produced
  • trolley dilema do not switch
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6
Q

What is Utilitarianism ?

A
  • determine right & wrong by focusing on outcomes (reason based)
  • Most ethical choice is the one that produces the greatest good/consequenzes for the greatest number of people
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7
Q

What are some limitations regarding the Utilitarianism ?

A
  • Can’t always tell consequences in advance

- Can’t explain group biases

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8
Q

What is the dual processing theoy regarding emotions ?

A 
- By greene
System 1: (deontology)
- affective response less rational 
- Activated when emotionally invested
System 2: (ultilitarism)
- Conscious, rational 
- reduced emotional impact
- rule based deontology
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9
Q

What is the social intuitionist Model ? (SIM)

A
  • Describes moral judgemnt as a link betwenn 3 types of processing
    1. Intuition
    2. judgment
    3. reasoning
  • > also explains how we influence our friends / relatives
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10
Q

What are the six steps for the SIM ?

A
  1. Intuitive judgement link: (judgments are driven by intuitions)
  2. Post-hoc reasoning link: reasoning driven primarily by one’s judgement
  3. Reasoned persuasion: reasoning influences another’s intuition (person B)
  4. Social persuasion (überzeugung) – own judgement influences another’s by changing their intuition (person B)
  5. Reasoned judgement – allows reasoning to directly influence judgement (not common)
  6. Private reflection: lets reasoning influencing intuition
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11
Q

What is the Moral Foundations Theory ?

A
  • it says that we have 5 psychological moral foundations on which most cultures & individuals build their systems of morality
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12
Q

What are the 5 moral foundations and how are they divided ?

A
  1. Binding foundations:
    - in group/loyalty (commitment to social group)
    - Authority/ respect
    - Purity/ sanctity
  2. Individualization binding
    - Care/ harm
    - Fairness/ cheating
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13
Q

What is the the additional 6th moral foundation ?

A
  • Liberty/Oppression (unterdrükung)
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14
Q

What is the difference betwenn binding foundations and individualization foundation ?

A
  • the person-focused = individualization foundation

- group-focused = binding foundations

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15
Q

How is morality linked to evolution ?

A
  • binding foundations were key for communal living
  • moral emotions can be linked to higher general fitness
  • emotional responses led to tit for tat strategy
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16
Q

How does our brain process moral judgments in general ?

A
  • interconnected system which means domain general and it also wires more and more while we mature
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17
Q

Name some key brain parts regarding moral judgments:

A
  • vmPFC = center for caregiving behaviours (empathy concern)

- Medial prefrontal cortex = interprets & understand mental states of others and oneself

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18
Q

What is empathy ?

A
  • capacity to imagine how other people feel ? (perspective taking)
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19
Q

Is morality the same as empathy ?

A
  • Morality empathy are two independent motives

- Empathy can interfere with moral decision making through group biases (fav own kin and in group)

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20
Q

How is stress and morality connected ?

A
  • Stress response activate regions involved in emotional processing same as cognitive reasoning = less utilitarian response
  • Stress leads to System 1
21
Q

What are some gender differences regarding utilitarian?

A
  • males more utilitarian responses than females also female response more with empathic response
22
Q

What is moral enhancement ?

A
  • increasing morality via the the traditional indirect strategy or the direct biomedical strategy
23
Q

Who benefits from the moral enhancement ?

A
  • via lowering immoral behavior it increases public safety -> proven to help more society then the individual
24
Q

What is the traditional/indirect Method of moral enhancement ?

A
  • changing the mind

- try to change thought pattern and behavior

25
Q

Name some characteristics regarding the indirect tradition method of moral enhancement :

A
  • seems morally as more right
  • does not change the narrative identity because of gradual manner (slow increase and rejection is always possible)
  • uses active intervention
26
Q

What is the Biomedical/direct Method of moral enhancement ?

A
  • focuses on the brain

- Change brain structure & function which results in different behavioral pattern

27
Q

Name some characteristics regarding the direct/biomedical method of moral enhancement :

A
  • seem morally to be more wrong
  • changes narrative identity-> self blindness
  • uses passive intervention
  • do not have the ability to withdraw
28
Q

What are the effects of sleep and morality ?

A
  • a lack of sleep leads to low moral awareness -> do not recognize unethical behavior
29
Q

What is the difference between passive and active intervention ?

A
  • Active intervention = need the receiver to be actively involved in determining the goal
  • Passive intervention =don’t rely on active involvement of receiver to achieve their goal
30
Q

Are there differences within societies in society regarding moral behavior ?

A
  • Higher social classes make more utilitarian decisions
  • Low-income people in WEIRD cultures are more cooperative than wealthy people
  • religion and economy have an impact as well
31
Q

How is immoral defined by the western world ?

A
  • Deontological ethics: moral obligations are understood to be inescapable
  • Describe harmful behaviours as “immoral”
  • outcomes are proportional to effort
  • torlley dilemma -> flipping the lever is correct
32
Q

How is immoral defined by the east world ?

A
  • Describe uncivilised behaviours as “immoral”
  • personal actions = colective moral concern (sexuality)
  • individuals deserve equal outcomes
  • trolley dilema: need more additional info
33
Q

What is moral identity ?

A
  • it is a network of moral traits that collectively define a persons moral character
34
Q

What are the two kinds of moral identity ?

A
  1. Internalization

2. Symbolization

35
Q

What does internalization stand for ?

A
  • it is about the private aspect
  • high moral identity
  • ur moral identity is linked to your everyday reasoning and acting among all decisions
36
Q

What does symbolization stand for stand for ?

A
  • it is about the public aspect
  • morality identity can be either high low or normal
  • moral identity is about gaining attention via moral identity behavior in public
37
Q

What is prescriptive moral regulation ?

A
  • you show actions in decision which support ur morality
  • helping to hide a jew in WW2
  • > those are high internalizers
38
Q

What is proscriptive moral regulation ?

A
  • show morality via not acting (not doing something bad)
39
Q

What is the relational model theory ?

A
  • it assumes that all almost all social interactions are based on 4 mental models/Schemas
  • These four schemas follow a moral motive to form moral judgement
  • by Fisk
  • usually u use multiple models in conversation
40
Q

What are the four mental models and there moral motives ?

A 
1. Communal Sharing =
UNITY
2.Authority Ranking =
HIERARCHY
3. Equality Matching =
EQUALITY
4. Market =
PROPORTIONALITY
41
Q

Define 1. Communal Sharing =

UNITY

A
  • perceiving people in the in group in a similar way
  • group gets Preferential treatment
  • collective responsibility
  • > Example would be Honour cultures:
42
Q

Define 2. Authority Ranking =

HIERARCHY

A
  • Rank/order of people in a particular dimension to know relative positions
  • higher people deserve more
  • higher people are responsible for action
43
Q

Define 3. Equality Matching =

EQUALITY

A
  • Allow for differences which balance each other out
  • being equal but also explains revenge
  • equality via revenge is approved
44
Q

Define 4. Market =

PROPORTIONALITY

A
  • uses rates to compare punishments or rewards with effort and cost
  • usually violated by free riding
45
Q

What is null morality ?

A
  • lack of any kind of relationship leads to moral indifference
46
Q

What is conflicting moralities ?

A
  • u interpreted the identical situation differently then other people do via using another model/schema -> leads to conflicting judgments
47
Q

What do u need for moral behavior ?

A
  • Reason-responsive behavior
48
Q

What is Reason-responsive behavior ?

A
  • it is an ability to be receptive to reasons and to translate those reason into choices

Complex cognition (9 decks)

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