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1-5 | history > task 7 > Flashcards

task 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

zeitgeist in Vienna

A
  • 16th century: asylums
  • 18th century: more hospital like
  • 19th century: neurologists
  • -> mostly medical or educational treatment
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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • 1856-1939
  • founder of PSYCHOANALYSIS
  • small empirical base for his theory
  • -> rather than principle driven
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3
Q

Sigmund Freud

|&raquo_space; PSYCHOANALYSIS

A
  • psychological treatment consisting of conversation between patient and therapist
  • reducing symptoms by bringing UNCONSCIOUS MEMORIES into patient’s consciousness to free emotional energy
  • assumption: hysterical symptoms come from REPRESSED CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES & actions are controlled by unconsciousness
  • views compatible with Charcot
  • first complete theory about human psychological functioning
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4
Q

cathartic method

A
  • developed by Josef Brauer
  • bring emotion associated with traumatic experience to surface to eliminate negative emotions
  • only worked with people that could be deeply hypnotised

> STARTING POINT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: “Studies on Hysteria” (Breuer&Freud)

  • hysteric suffer from REMINISCENES
  • -> become disease-producing PATHOGENIC IDEAS
  • hysterical symptoms as conversions
  • -> emotional energy can’t be dissipated > converted into physical energy > hysterical sysmptoms
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5
Q

cathartic method

|&raquo_space; REMINISCENES

A
  • memories of emotionally charged experiences
  • have been somehow forgotten
  • placed beyond reach of ordinary consciousness
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6
Q

Method of Free Association

A
  • predecessor: Pressure Technique
  • patients stay conscious
  • no physical pressure was needed
  • only encouragement to let thoughts run free
  • patient: report fully & honestly whatever came to mind
    » everything patients say is potentially significant
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7
Q

Method of Free Association

|&raquo_space; PRESSURE TECHNIQUE

A
  • patient: report earliest experiences of symptoms until memories failed before getting to crucial pathegenic ideas
  • then pressed forehead & confidently assured that now further memories will follow
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8
Q

Method of Free Association

|&raquo_space; DERIVED FEATURE OF HYSTERICAL ILLNESSES

A
  • symptoms function as defences against psychologically dangerous pathogenic ideas
  • DISPLACEMENT
  • OVER-DETERMINATION
  • -> symptoms: caused by combination of different emotions/experiences acting together (e.g. tremor in hand due to memories involving hands)
  • REPRESSION
  • -> unconscious pathogenic ideas aren’t simply forgotten but actively repressed
  • INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICT
  • -> “conscious” patient wants to collaborate/being cured
  • -> “unconscious” patient fears pain & resists undermining progress of therapy
  • SEXUAL ABUSE > SEDUCTION THEORY
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9
Q

interpretation of dreams

A

MANIFEST CONTENT:
- consciously experienced content of dream

LATENT CONTENT:

  • hidden content
  • -> originally inspired by dream but emerged in consciousness only after free association
  • greater personal significance/resist call

DREAM WORK:
- dreams originate with series of latent thoughts & ideas the sleeping mind transforms into manifest content
> DISPLACEMENT
- manifest content symbolises latent content with images less distressing (= defensive function)
> CONDENSATION
- several latent thoughts sometimes condense onto single dream image
> CONCRETE REPRESENTATION
- manifest content represents latent ideas by means of concrete, subjectively real sensations

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10
Q

interpretation of dreams

|&raquo_space; PROCESSES

A
  • dreams & hysterical symptoms result from similar processes
  • -> opposite to processes associated with logical/scientific thinking (explicit rather than indirectly)

> PRIMARY PROCESSES:
- unconscious mode of thought
SECONDARY PROCESSES:
- conscious mode of thought

  • dreams & hysterical symptoms:
  • -> regression from PRIMARY > SECONDARY processes
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11
Q

interpretation of dreams

|&raquo_space; WISH-FULFILLMENT HYPOTHESIS

A
  • Freud’s conclusion:
  • -> all dreams represent some element of fulfillment of wishes
  • Dreams & hysterical symptoms might have similar origin
  • -> indirect (sexual) wishes rather than actual experiences
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12
Q

Oedipus complex

A
  • after Freud’s self-analysis
  • infantile desire to possess opposite-sexed parent
    –> for one’s exclusive sensual pleasure
    –> for wish to get rid of same-sexed parent
    » inevitable consequence of growing up in western family
    » always persists in unconsciousness (repressed)
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13
Q

stages of childhood sexuality

A
  • children born with primitive/undisciplined tendencies that they must learn to curb as they mature/become civilised
  • Polymorphous perversity
  • Oral zone
  • Anal zone
  • Genital zone
  • Latency stage
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14
Q

stages of childhood sexuality

|&raquo_space; POLYMORPHOUS PERVERSITY

A
  • capable of taking sexual pleasure from gentle stimulation of any part of body
  • -> over part of development certain parts emerge as erogenous zones
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15
Q

stages of childhood sexuality

|&raquo_space; ORAL ZONE

A
  • in earliest infancy

- MOUTH predominates as location of broadened form of sexual gratification

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16
Q

stages of childhood sexuality

|&raquo_space; ANAL ZONE

A
  • potty-training children

- start to find pleasure in voluntary control of their BODILY FUNCTIONS (especially anal zone)

17
Q

stages of childhood sexuality

|&raquo_space; GENITAL ZONE

A
  • once full control of body is obtained

- GENITAL ZONE becomes major source of sexual pleasure

18
Q

stages of childhood sexuality

|&raquo_space; LATENCY STAGE

A
  • starts at age 5 until puberty
  • oedipal complex emerges
  • POSITIVE SIDE of child’s feelings towards same-sexed parent DOMINATE CONSCIOUSNESS
    –> identification with parent as role model
  • NEGATIVE FEELINGS towards oedipal rival (same-sexed parent) BECOME REPRESSED
    » feelings toward important people always combine attitudes in AMBIVALENCE state
    –> never completely positive or negative
19
Q

Freudian character types

A
  • differences in childhood experiences lead to differences in later character

> ORAL CHARACTER

  • over-/underindulgence in earliest years
  • -> likely to remain most interested (fixation) in ORAL ACTIVITiES (smoking/eating/talking)

> ANAL CHARACTER

  • strict enforcement of toilet
  • -> fixation orderly / parsimonious / obstinate

> PHALLIC / GENITAL CHARACTER
- curious / competitive / exhibitionism

20
Q

psychoanalytic psychotherapy

A

> TRANSFERENCE FEELING:
- patients tend to transfer attributes of important people from their lives (implicated in neurotic symptoms) onto therapist

  • symptoms aren’t independent entities
    –> if one disappears it could just be projected on something else
    » enduring cure: uncover & analyse entire complex of underlying conflicts -> psychoanalysis
21
Q

Freud’s metapsychology

A
  • mind constantly beset by 3 demands
  • -> in conflict with one another
  • mind’s major function: resolve this conflict

> INSTINCTUAL DEMANDS
- internal/biological based demands (warmth/sexual gratification/..)
> “ID”

> REALITY-BASED DEMANDS:

  • in order to survive: one must learn to manipulate environment to gratify instincts
  • -> PERCEPTION-CONSCIOUSNESS SYSTEM

> MORAL DEMANDS
- motivate people in directions contrary to instincts & reality-based demands
> “SUPEREGO”

> “EGO”:

  • produces compromises
  • -> permit some degree of instinctual gratification
  • -> won’t endanger organism from physical reality or violate dictates of consciousness
  • hysterical symptoms:
  • -> maladaptive compromises in which considerations of external reality are largely ignored & only confronted with superego
22
Q

Freud’s metapsychology

|&raquo_space; PERCEPTION-CONSCIOUSNESS SYSTEM

A
  • conveys information about external reality to mind
  • -> leaves memories that remain “preconscious”

-> “preconsious” = information not consciously processed yet

23
Q

Freud’s metapsychology

|&raquo_space; DEFENSE MECHANISMS

A

> DISPLACEMENT
- redirect impulse toward SUBSTITUTE TARGET that resembles original in some way but is safer

> PROJECTION
- attributing own unacceptable thoughts/feelings/motives to someone else

> INTELLECTUALISATION
- direct approach in intellectual manner that avoids emotional involvement

> DENIAL
- pretending that an instinct-driven behaviour never occured

> RATIONALISATION
- act because of one motive but explain behaviour on basis of another, more acceptable one

> IDENTIFICATION

  • occurs when child identifies with the same-sex parent & internalises that oedipal impulses are not socially desired
  • -> moral demands of superego develops

> SUBLIMATION:

  • socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions/behaviour
  • -> possibly resulting in long-term conversion of initial impulse
24
Q

Watson’s paradoxical struggle to explain Freud

A
  • Americanisation of Freud
  • -> explain Freud for Americans in familiar words

> J.B. WATSON (1878-1925):

  • fascinated by Freud’s psychoanalysis
  • rejected Freud’s central concept of unconscious > incompatible with behaviourism
  • -> wanted to assimilate psychoanalysis into behaviourism
  • -> 3 phases of struggle:
    1. explaining Freud in terms of James’ habit
    2. explaining Freud in terms of classical conditioning
    3. Watson becomes anti-freudian
25
Q

Watson’s paradoxical struggle to explain Freud

|&raquo_space; EXPLAINING FREUD IN TERMS OF JAMES’ HABIT

A
  • accepted discoveries of psychoanalysis but REJECTED PSYCHOANALYTIC INDEPENDENCY
  • Freud: psychoanalysis was clinical method not only restricted to patients because he believed in psychopathology in everyday life
  • -> appealed to Watson
  • concept of habit was very important to Watson > tried to explain psychoanalysis in terms of habit
  • -> development from childhood to adulthood was process by which habits are replaced
  • rejected Freud’s unconscious
  • -> couldn’t be explained by habit
26
Q

Watson’s paradoxical struggle to explain Freud

|&raquo_space; EXPLAINING FREUD IN TERMS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A
  • weakness of psychology: did not help laboratory psychologist to gain experimental control over emotional relations
  • interpreted Freud’s “transference” as restricted to sexual motivation BUT “displacement” included all types of displaced emotions
  • -> TRANSFER (= conditioned reflex)
27
Q

TRANSFER (= conditioned reflex)

A
  • a second stimulus produces emotional response which originally belonged to another stimulus
28
Q

Watson’s paradoxical struggle to explain Freud

|&raquo_space; WATSON BECOMES ANTI-FREUDIAN

A

> LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT
- attempt to bring analgue concept of transference into lab by means of direct behavioural observations rather than retrospection

> > although critical of psychoanalytic concepts, Watson was inspired by Freud when designing his experiment with little Albert

1-5 | history (7 decks)

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