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1-5 | history > task 6 > Flashcards

task 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

functionalistic movement in USA

A
  • scientific psychology expanded rapidly (1892-1900)
  • -> founding of American Psychological Association > 41 psychology laboratories
  • psychology changed to address concerns prevalent in American society
  • -> functionalism
  • second half of 19th century:
  • -> science was associated with:
    1. PHRENOLOGY
    2. MESMERISM
    3. SPIRITUALISM

> > America did not participate in war at first -> greater development of science

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2
Q

Functionalism

|&raquo_space; PHRENOLOGY

A
  • derived from theories of F. J. Gall
  • hypothesis:
  • -> different parts of brain control different functions
  • gave rise to personality assessment on basis of scalp analysis (locating bumps & troughs)
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3
Q

Functionalism

|&raquo_space; MESMERISM

A
  • after Mesmer: claimed he could treat patients by restoring “animal magnetism”
  • equals hypnosis
  • demonstrations of mesmeric power were presented as psychological experiments
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4
Q

Functionalism

|&raquo_space; SPIRITUALISM

A
  • belief that spirits of dead could be contracted by mediums
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5
Q

anthropomorphic interpretation

A
  • according to George Romanes

- attribution of human motives & human-like intelligence to other living creatures

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6
Q

Edward Thorndike

A
  • 1874-1949
  • puzzle box experiment
  • published PhD thesis on animal learning
  • -> “birth of comparative psychology”

> LAW OF EFFECT:

  • behaviours followed by positive consequences are strengthened & repeated
  • behaviours not followed by such consequences are not repeated

> INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING:

  • refers to learning on basis of law of effect
  • called operant conditioning by Skinner

> MECHANOMORPHISM & THERIOMORPHISM

  • replaced anthropomorphism with mechanomorphism & theriomorphism
  • introduced laboratory experiment for theriomorphic studies
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7
Q

anecdotal evidence

A
  • evidence collected in a casual or informal manner and relying heavily or entirely on personal testimony.
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8
Q

Edward Thorndike

|&raquo_space; PUZZLE BOX EXPERIMENT

A
  1. put hungry animals in puzzle box
  2. food was presented outside of box
  3. if animal solves puzzle and opens door > rewards
    - -> measured how long it took animal to get out of box
    - not based on anecdotal evidence
    - relied on careful observation of animals in controlled environment & based on conclusions on animal’s behaviour

> LAW OF EFFECT

  • naïve cats did not perform better when watching other cats who had learned how to get out of puzzle box quickly
    –> learning consisted of making association between situation & performing appropriate act
    » INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
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9
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A
  • 1849-1936
  • psychologist who studied digestive system of dogs
  • strengthened study of animal’s behaviour rather than mind
  • thinking could be reduced to physiology
  • -> thinking consisted of reflexes
  • saliva dog experiment

> CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

  • neutral stimulus which is presented shortly before stimulus that automatically elicits reflex response
  • after few pairings starts to elicit response as well

–> big impact

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10
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • observable behaviours are most important aspect of human functioning to be understood
  • denies to various extent relevance of information processing of mind
  • impact of evolutionary theory on development of behaviour
  • -> survival because of acts not thoughts
  • embedded in POSITIVISM
  • -> experimental science is the only way of truth
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11
Q

Behaviourism

|&raquo_space; JOHN WATSON

A
  • 1878-1958

> in charge of psychological review journal

  • influenced by Thorndike’s approach
  • “behaviourist manifesto”: criticising lack of scientific rigour in psychological laboratories
  • in order to become real science:
  • -> psychology has to focus on observable behaviour & ignore subjective sources
  • introduced vivisection
  • -> practice of performing operations on live animals for purpose of experimentation/scientific research
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12
Q

Behaviourism

|&raquo_space; PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

A
  • philosophical branch that studies foundations of scientific research
  • -> to better understand position of it relative to other forms of information acquisition/generation

3 principles that increased objectivity of psychological research:

  1. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
    - definition of a variable in terms of how it has been measured (quantitatively/mathematically expressed laws)
  2. INDEPENDENT vs. DEPENDENT variables
    - psychological research could be defined as study of impact of STIMULUS (indep. var.) on RESPOnSE (dep. var.)
    - -> R-S psychology
  3. VERIFICATION
    - statements were only useful if they could be verified by empirical observation
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13
Q

Neo-Behaviourism

|&raquo_space; B.F. SKINNER

A
  • 1904-1990
  • “father” of OPERANT CONDITIONING
  • defended RADICAL BEHAVIOURISM
  • animals acquire behaviours because association between an environmental cue & particular behaviour is strengthened by subsequent reinforcement
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14
Q

B.F. Skinner

|&raquo_space; OPERANT CONDITIONING

A
  • examines way of behaviour changes as function of reinforcement or punishment that follows
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15
Q

B.F. Skinner

|&raquo_space; RADICAL BEHAVIOURISM

A
  • extremist version of behaviourism
  • denies relevance of information processing in mind
  • holds that all human behaviour can be understood on basis of S-R associations
  • -> simply responding to events in environment and do not take initiative themselves
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16
Q

Neo-Behaviourism

|&raquo_space; EDWARD TOLMAN

A
  • operant conditioning cannot be interpreted in simple S-R terms
  • criticism on Skinner
  • -> argues that rats who are not reinforced should not learn

> THE MAZE (Blodgett)
- 3 conditions:
1. hungry rats placed in maze that contained food at end of maze
2. food was introduced on 3rd day
3. food was introduced on 7th day
- cond. 1: rats showed higher learning curve
- cond. 2/3: rats showed massive & instantaneous learning after introduction of food
–> rats learned layout of maze & used this knowledge when had reason to do so
> LATENT LEARNING

17
Q 
Maze experiment (Blodgett) 
>> LATENT LEARNING
A
  • acquisition of knowledge that is not demonstrated in observable behaviour
18
Q

Purposive behaviourism

A
  • animal & human behaviour is motivated by goals

- -> Maze experiment: rats only used knowledge when provided with goal

19
Q

operant conditioning

|&raquo_space; INTRINSIC/EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

A

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION:
- gets encouraged to the extent that the reinforcement can be the activity itself

EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION:
- gets encouraged because part of reinforcement comes from consequences/experiences not inherently part of activity or behaviour itself

20
Q

conditioning

|&raquo_space; EXTINCTION / GENERLAISATION / DISCRIMINATION

A

> EXTINCTION
- disappearance of a link between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response

> GENERALISATION

  • original conditioned stimulus was not the only neutral stimulus that elicited the conditioned response
  • -> tendency for similar stimuli to elicit a conditioned response = generalisation

> DISCRIMINATION
- Generalization among similar stimuli can be REDUCED if only ONE of the similar stimuli is associated consistently with the unconditioned response, while the others are not

21
Q

view of behaviourists on psychology

A
  1. psychology failed to become natural science
    - -> mental states are object of study // introspection = only direct method
    - data is valuable for more
    - findings become functional correlates of structure
    - -> explanations in physiochemical terms
  2. it has been preoccupied with questions that are not open to experimentation
  3. psychology through behaviourist lens:
    - purely objective & experimental branch of natural science
  4. psychology has to neglect complex forms of behaviour
    - -> until behaviourist methods become better

data to measure psychology must be determined:
laws of behaviour / range of responses / determination of effective stimuli / habit formation / persistency of habits /. interference / reinforcements of habits

22
Q

mechanomorphism & theriomorphism

A

> MECHANOMORPHISM
- exclusive attribution of mechanistic properties to psychological phenomena

> THERIOMORPHISM
- attribution of qualities of nonhuman animals to human

23
Q

introduced laboratory experiment by Thorndike

A
  • early research focused on learning & sensory capacities of animals
  • animal environment was standardised
  • apparatus assisted in manipulation of motives
  • -> fear/hunger/constraint
  • Robert Yerkes = introduction of electric shock as stimulus

1-5 | history (7 decks)

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