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1-5 | history > task 5 > Flashcards

task 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

german universities

A
  • used to be dominated by humanities/religion (end of 17th century)
  • -> universities based on two pillars
    1. ideas of Enlightenment (demystify religion)
    2. Pietism (emphasised inward spirituality)
  • after defeat of Prussians by French (Napoleon) > modernisation of country
  • -> universities had two goals:
    1. scholarship/scientific research (WISSENSCHAFT)
    2. making of good citizens (BILDUNG)
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2
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • 1832-1920
  • first laboratory of experimental psychology (1879)
  • first who called himself “psychologist”
  • promoted 3 methods for different types of problems:
    1. experimental methods
    2. introspection
    3. historical method
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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

|&raquo_space; EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

A
  • psychophysical methods
  • -> measurement of duration of simple mental processes
  • -> accuracy of reproduction in memory tasks
  • based on Fechner’s work (JND)
  • -> was purely psychological
  • effect of variability & demand characteristics were unknown
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4
Q

demand characteristics

A
  • participants change behaviour when they have information about experiment’s purpose
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5
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

|&raquo_space; INTROSPECTION

A
  • process by which person describes its sensing, thinking, feeling
  • based on belief that people have conscious access to own processes & can report them
  • was criticised by Kant/Comte before
    –> Wundt made distinction:
    > INTERNAL PERCEPTION
    –> practiced by philosophers
    > EXPERIMENTAL SELF-OBSERVATION
    –> practiced in highly controlled circumstances

> > Wundt argued that EXPERIMENTAL SELF-OBSERVATION was valid SCIENTIFIC METHOD but internal perception not

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6
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

|&raquo_space; HISTORICAL METHOD

A
  • study of mental differences as revealed by differences between cultures in time/space
  • acc. to Wundt: well suited to investigate “higher” functions of mind
  • -> social aspect of human thought & behaviour
  • development of individual recapitulated evolution of mankind
  • -> person’s development could be studied by examining historical development of human race (=Folk psychology)
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7
Q

criticism of Wundt’s methods

A
  • his writings contradicted each other
  • -> objectivity vs. introspection (subjective)
  • did not contain lasting insights
  • never developed a theory
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8
Q

William James

A
  • 1842-1910
  • “principles of psychology” (1890)
  • one of the fathers of FUNCTIONALISM
  • very influential in foundation & expansion of psychology in USA
  • defended introspection // didn’t like experimental psychology
  • -> functions that consciousness provide are more important than mind
  • strongly influenced by evolutionary theory
  • -> sought outline functions of human mind for survival
  • saw continuity between animal & human behaviour
  • -> receptive to COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
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9
Q

functionalism

A
  • during early American psychology research

- approach that examined practical functions of human mind inspired by evolutionary theory

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10
Q

Edward Titchener

A
  • 1867-1927
  • Wundt’s student
  • strongly influenced by empiricism & associationism
  • promoted STRUCTURALISM
  • -> defended INTROSPECTION: participants had to be trained to do it properly
  • not very influential because of criticism
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11
Q

structuralism

A
  • study of the elements of consciousness
  • idea that conscious experience can be broken down into basic conscious elements
  • -> with use of INTROSPECTION
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12
Q

criticism of Titchener

A

WÜRZBURG SCHOOL & BINET:

  • humans are not aware of many thought processes
  • -> cannot report them or dissect them

FUNCTIONALISTS:
- not enough practical advantages in knowing precise structure of mind

GESTALT PRINCIPLES:
- humans are more than sum of individual sensations

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13
Q

Theodule Ribot

A
  • 1839-1916
  • against Comte’s view:
  • -> Comte (positivist): I tell you what science is and what not
  • -> reason why France was behind regarding developmental psychology

> wrote book:

  • possible to be positivist without accepting all of Comte’s claims
  • 4 arguments why introspection could be respectable scientific method (based on Mill/Spencer):
    1. mind can attend more than one impression at the same time
  • -> why would it be unable to attend to its own conscious mental states?
    2. introspection is base don memories
    3. if one is rejecting introspection, how can one study mental functions?
    4. introspection is not incompatible with objective method
  • -> to be scientific method it must be combined with empirical observation and verification
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14
Q

Jean-Martin Charcot

A
  • 1825-1893
  • towering figure in France
  • trusted entirely on his clinical expertise
  • -> turned out to be wrong in case of hypnosis
  • one of the first neurologists
  • interested in understanding hysteria
  • -> found out: symptoms of hysteria resembled behaviour that could be elicited from individuals under hypnosis
  • -> also saw resemblance between hysteria/epilepsy/hypnosis (similar mental/physical stages)
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15
Q

Frant Anton Mesmer

A
  • 1734-1815
  • was convinced that movements of planets/moon/sun influenced human body
  • -> by means of ANIMAL MAGNETISM
  • thought this could be used as cure for illnesses
  • -> by magnetising patients
  • 1784: commission concluded that animal magnetism would not exist
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16
Q

intelligence test

A
  • 1907: first intelligence test was published
  • Binet and Silon’s development
  • -> France’s best known contribution to early psychology
17
Q

Alfred Binet

A
  • 1857-1911
  • development of first valid intelligence test
  • -> final test comprised tasks of increasing difficulties, suitable for children of different ages
18
Q

psychology in UK

A
  • due to organisation of universities & resistance from established against newcomers
  • -> UK could not capitialise it leading position in evolution
19
Q

psychology in UK

|&raquo_space; UNIVERSITIES

A
  • Cambridge & Oxford were only two universities in England for 6 centuries
  • -> both ocnsidered as conservative universities
  • -> heavily oriented towards classics (=humanities/mathematics)
  • -> unreceptive for natural sciences
20
Q

psychology in UK

|&raquo_space; ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH PSYCHOLOGY AT CAMBRIDGE

A
  1. J. M. CATTEL (1887-1888):
    - became lecturer
    - opened first laboratory of physics
    - -> started intelligence measurements (based on Galton)
  2. RIVERS:
    - became lecturer in physiology department
    - tried to open laboratory
    - -> didn’t happen until 1901
  3. C. S. MYERS:
    - took over the laboratory in 1912 until WW1
21
Q

psychology in UK

|&raquo_space; ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH PSYCHOLOGY AT OXFORD

A

> WILLIAM McDOUGALL:

  • appointed on readership to create support for mental philosophy
  • -> should not get sidetracked by experimental research
  • left Oxford for Harvard (1920)
  • continued research privately
  • during WW1 was in charge of nervous patients that required mental treatment
22
Q

psychology in UK

|&raquo_space; DEVELOPMENTS IN LONDON

A
  • University College London was founded as alternative to Oxford/Harvard
  • aimed at allowing everyone to obtain English degree
  • had interest in natural sciences
  • open for empirical study of human mind
  • 2 developments important for development of psychology:
    1. GROTE CHAIR
    2. PRESENCE OF FRANCIS GALTON
23
Q

psychology in UK

|&raquo_space; GROTE CHAIR

A
  • “chair of logic and the establishment of philosophy of human mind”
  • after Grotes’ death: only to men that have not been religious ministers
  • JAMES SULLY was conferred the chair 1912
  • -> written books on perception/memory
  • -> put effort in establishing first laboratory of psychology in UK (1898)
  • -> founded British society of psychology
24
Q

psychology in UK

|&raquo_space; PRESENCE OF FRANCIS GALTON

A
  • established with sutdents PEARSON & WELDON Biometrika
  • -> journal for development of statistical methods
  • -> London was place were most statistical techniques were discovered

> for example:

  • Pearson’s correlation coefficient
  • -> for measuring strength relationships of two variables
  • Spearman’s publishes:
  • -> articles on rudiments of factor analysis
  • -> two-factor theory of intelligence (“general intelligence”)
25
Q

psychology in UK

|&raquo_space; PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETIES

A
  • two main psychological societies:
    1. SPIRITUALISM (psychological society of Great Britain/1875):
  • -> belief that spirits of dead can be contacted by mediums
  • started 1848
  • focused as well on memory/sleep
  1. SCIENTIFIC AMBITIONS (British psychological society/1901)
    - founded by James Sully
    - only “psychology teachers” that had published work of value
    - more scientific ambitions
26
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • 1856-1939
  • started psychological treatment of his patients
  • -> PSYCHOANALYSIS
  • theory built on idea that people’s actions are controlled by their unconsciousness
27
Q

Sigmund Freud

|&raquo_space; PSYCHOANALYSIS

A
  • developed by Freud
  • 1st theory to describe psychological functioning
  • treatment of mental health problems by conversations between patient and therapist

> Freud’s research method:

  1. MEDICAL CASE STUDIES
    - -> intensive study of individuals within context of their own world
  2. INTROSPECTION
  3. INTERPRETATION by therapist
28
Q

changes in treatment of disorders

A

> 16th century:
- Asylums = institution for insane
–> firt modelled after prisons // patients were treated like prisoners & performed forced labour
–> later after hospitals for chronic patients
> care for patients depended on person providing it

> 18th century:

  • influence of enlightenment changed view
  • moral treatment was given to patients // trying to persuade/influence patient to behave normally
  • -> cases on non-adherence: use of straitjackets
  • problem: financing of institutes

> 19th century:

  • since educational approach led to better results > therapy became more dominant
  • later: establishment of NEUROLOGISTS
  • -> physicians interested in treatment of milder forms of mental problems outside asylum

1-5 | history (7 decks)

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