Task 3 - SAD Flashcards
DSM 5 SAD
A) fear/anxiety about one or more social situations in which individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others
B) fear to show symptoms and be negatively evaluated
C) situations almost always provoke fear
D) situations are endured with intense fear
E) fear is out of proportion
F) lasting for 6 or more months
-IF FEAR IS RESTRICTED TO SPEAKING OR PERFORMING IN PUBLIC, IT SHOULD BE SPECIFIED AS ‘PERFORMANCE ONLY’.
People with social phobia tend to fall in 1 of 3 categories
1) some fear only public speaking
2) moderate anxiety about a variety of social situations
4) severe fear of many social situations -> generalized type of social phobia
Prevalence
- 12p in USA
- 3-7p internationally
- women are more likely
- over 90p of people having social phobia report humiliating experiences that contributed to their symptoms
- often co-occurs with mood disorders, other anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder
Behavioral theories
- 2 factor theory
- > Classical conditioning leads to fear
- > operant conditioning helps maintain it
- observational learning may as well be a reason
- prepared classical conditioning: role evolutionary history in development
Cognitive theories
- people with social phobias have excessively high standards for their social performance
- example: believe they should be liked by everybody
- focus on negative aspects
- evaluate own behavior harshly
- often parents have been overprotective and controlling, critical and negative ( but not enough studies regarding that)
Biological Theories
- first degree relatives of people with phobias -> 3/4 x more likely to have a phobia
- particular phobia itself is not strongly heritable but general tendency toward anxiety
- socially inhibited children-> 4x more likely
Clark and Wells cognitive model of SAD
- patient enters social situation -> activates maladaptive assumptions about themselves
- > perception of social situation as dangerous
- > attention shifted towards self-monitoring and observations of own actions
- > increased focus on anxiety and maladaptive processing of situation
- > negative mental representation of self
- safety behaviours
- somatic and cognitive symptoms:
- > pre event rumination
- > post event rumination
safety behaviors
-behaviors to reduce the risk of negative evaluations
(memorising things to say/avoiding situation)
-increased self-focused attention
-reduces ability to attend to objective social info
pre-event rumination
- recall of past failure ad engaging in negative self imagery before entering a social event
- > enters social event in negative self-focused view
post-event rumination
- individual focuses on negative aspects of social situation and their failures (from past)
- > consolidation beliefs of social incompetence
Rapee and Heimberg - cognitive model of SAD
Enter a social situation
-> formation of
mental representation of external
appearance, based on in memories, internal cues (e.g. physical symptoms)
and external cues (e.g. audience
feedback)
-> comparison between
mental representation and what others expect of them
-> any external cues are
perceived as a threat (e.g. someone yawns -> boredom from the audience)
-> behavioural, cognitive and physical symptoms of anxiety
Different typs of anxiety disorders (4)
1) generalized anxiety disorders
2) SAD
3) Panic disorder
4) Agoraphobia
generalized anxiety disorder
- Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities
- intensity, duration, or frequency of the anxiety and worry is out of proportion to the actual likelihood or impact of the anticipated event
Agoraphobia
- fearful and anxious about two or more of the following situations:
- Using public transportation
- Being in enclosed places; standing in line or being in a crowd
- being outside of the home alone in other situations
- Fears this because escape of situation might be difficult
mansell and clark article - how do i appear to others? method - memory task positive/negative words etc .
2 groups:
1) low social anxiety
2) high social anxiety
2 conditions:
1) no threat
2) social threat
Memory task:
- positive words
- negative words
- > words were presented
- > with 3 questions:
1) public-self referent (how well does the word describe what someone thinks of you)
2) private self referent ( how well this word describe you)
3) other-referent (how well it describes your neighbour)
Questionnaire:
- self rating on how anxious participant looked on video
- extend they thought they could be considered to have shown positive and negative characteristics
