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Psychopathology > Task 1 - ADHD > Flashcards

Task 1 - ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

3 subtypes of ADHD

A

1) Predominantly inattentive type ->6 or more symptoms of inattention, fewer than 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity
2) predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type-> 6plus hyperactive-impulsive, minus6 inattentive
3) combined type -> 6plus of both

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2
Q

other symptoms/side effects

A

-poor relationships with others
-poorly in school
-45-60 percent develop a conduct disorder, abuse drugs, violate the law
-adults diagnosed as children are at increased risk for:
antisocial PD, substance abuse, mood and anxiety disorders, marital problems, traffic accidents, legal infractions, frequent job changes

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3
Q

Prevalence

A
  • 5 percent of children develop ADHD
  • boys: 3x more likely than girls
  • girls: less disruptive behavior , may be under-identified
  • symptoms persist into young adulthood
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4
Q

Prevalence

A
  • 5 percent of children develop ADHD
  • boys: 3x more likely than girls
  • girls: less disruptive behavior , may be under-identified
  • symptoms persist into young adulthood in about 75 percent
  • 4.4 percent of adults could be diagnosed with ADHD
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5
Q

PFC

A
  • smaller in volume
  • abnormal activation when attempting to inhibit responses
  • immaturity hypothesis: brains are slower to develop than brains of other children
  • > explains why in some children symptoms of ADHD decline with age
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6
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  • dopamine, seretonin, norepinephrine appear to function abnormally
  • dopamine transporter gene may be abnormal in ADHD
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7
Q

other biological factors

A
  • ADHD runs in families, genetic factors play a role in vulnerability
  • ADHD associated with low birth weight, premature delivery, difficult delivery leading to oxygen deprivation
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8
Q

Treatments ADHD (4)

A

1) stimulant drugs
2) other drugs
3) antidepressants
4) behavioral therapies

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9
Q

stimulant drugs

A
  • ritalin, dexedrine, adderall
  • enhancing release/inhibiting reuptake
  • 70-85p respond to drugs
  • side effects: reduced appetite, insomnia, edginess, gastrointestinal upset, increase of tics
  • risk of abuse
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10
Q

example USA stimulant drugs

A
  • longitudinal study of children
  • 72p of those with ADHD received stimulants
  • majority of children did not have symptoms meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD
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11
Q

other drugs

A
  • affect norepinephrine levels
  • atomoxetine, clonidine, guanfacine
  • reduce tics and increase cognitive performance
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12
Q

antidepressants

A
  • some positive effects on cognitive performance
  • but not as effective as stimulants
  • example: Bupropin has particularly strong effects on dopamine levels and more effective than other antidepressants
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13
Q

behavioral therapy

A
  • highly effective in reducing symptoms
  • focuses on reinforcing attentive, goal-directed and prosocial behaviors and extinguishing impulsive and hyperactive behaviors

Example – Child and parents might agree that she/he will earn a chip every time she/he obeys request to wash hands. If child refuses to comply, she/he will lose chip. At end of the week, child can exchange chips for activities such as eating ice cream or extra TV time.

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14
Q

partial remission

A

-period during which an improvement of sufficient magnitude is observed
-individual is no longer fully symptomatic but continues to display evidence of more than minimal symptoms
-

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15
Q

Article: training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children - study

A

-focus on visuospatial WM or inhibitory control

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16
Q

Article: training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children - tasks

A

Visuospatial WM task:

  • visual stimuli on screen
  • remember location and order
  • > clicking on targets in correct oder

Inhibition tasks:

  • go/no-go task (respond to certain stimuli, no response when other stimuli)
  • stop-signal task (respond quickly when stimulus was present except when followed by a stop signal)
  • flanker task (5 arrows pointing right/left, response in accordance with arrow in middle, ignoring others)
17
Q

Article: training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children - findings

A
  • WM task: effective, effects on non trained WM tasks and transfer effects on measures of attention -> possible to improve cognitive functioning through WM tasks
  • Inhibition task: no significant effects
18
Q

The role of diet in ADHD

A

-Western diet is full of fat, sodium, sugar and food additives (= associated with greater symptoms of hyperactivity).

  • not clear that diet causes ADHD or other forms os psychopathology
  • when synthetic foods removed from diet -> small number of children show improvement
19
Q

ADHD and family

A
  • children with ADHD -> likely belong to families with frequent disruptions, in which parents are prone to aggressive/hostile behavior and substance abuse
  • shared genetic effects on impulsivity and cognitive problems
  • genetic factors in ADHD prompt disruptive behavior in children -> prompts hostile parenting
  • > even with genetically unrelated parents this was found to be the case
20
Q

cognitive test of ADHD (5)

A

-aim: test attention and whether individual is able to inhibit responses

1) Continuous performance test ( CPT)
2) Stroop task
3) trail marking test
4) controlled word association test (COWAT)
5) Conner’s Parent rating scale (CPRS)

21
Q

cognitive test ADHD- continuous performance test (CPT):

A
  • press space bar on computer when seeing a letter except when letter ‘X’
  • > ADHD: less able to inhibit and longer reaction times
22
Q

cognitive test ADHD - stroop task

A
  • test ability to inhibit responses
  • presenting words of colors that are presented in different color
  • ADHD children: more time to respond and make more errors
23
Q

cognitive test ADHD - trail making test

A
  • children are instructed to connect circles by drawing lines -alternating between circles labelled with numbers and circles labelled with letters
  • until they reach circle labelled ‘end’
  • > if ADHD, worse performance
24
Q

cognitive test ADHD - controlled word association test (COWAT)

A
  • measures verbal fluency
  • ‘name all animals you can beginning with letter..’
  • ADHD: impaired performance
25
Q

cognitive test ADHD - Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS)

A
  • 80 scale completed by child’s parents

- well accepted reliability and standard in ADHD diagnosis

26
Q

does computerized WM training enhance motivation and training efficacy in children with ADHD? (prins)
-conclusion

A
  • WM TRAINING WITH GAME ELEMENTS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVES MOTIVATION, TRAINING PERFORMANCE AND WORKING MEMORY OF CHILDREN WITH ADHD
27
Q

DSM 5 ADHD

A

A) Inattention and or hyperactivity that interferes with functioning/development

  • > 6 or more symptoms for at least 6 months
  • diagnosed before age 12
  • if older than 17: 5 symptoms needed
  • symptoms present in two or more settings

Psychopathology (15 decks)

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