Lecture addiction Flashcards
central definition of addiction - main components
- addictive substance
- getting high
- severe negative consequences (individual, social)
- compulsion (strong urge to take drug)
- loss of control, unable to stop
psycholeptics
- suppress CNS
- alcohol, benzodiazepines
- GHB
- opiates
psychoanaleptics
- stimulates
- nicotine, coffee, cocain, amphetamine, XTC
Psychoysleptics
- cause hallucinations (‘tripping’)
- LSD, mushrooms, cannabis
harm to users
- physical (drug specific mortality like overdose, drug related mortality, damage etc)
- psychological (dependence
- social (loss of relationships, legal problems)
harm to others
- physical and psychological (injury)
- social (crime, environmental damage, international damage, economic cost, community)
Addiction 1850 - present
1) moral model
2) temperance model
3) sympathetic model
4) Disease model
5) Learning theory/psychological model (conditioning)
6) social model (pressure from peers for example, vietnam war -> alcohol to cope)
7) Bio-psycho-social model
8) brain disease
Addiction as brain disease
-chronic changes in brain
- individuals are in different ‘brain state’
-MRI to figure of chemistry of addiction
-dopamine -> the more the release -> the more we want something
-showing pictures of drugs to addicts -> result in rise of dopamine
-number of dopamine receptors are reduced due to drug use
-> ability to experience pleasure decreases
-> take drugs to feel normal, not better
-
reward system
- mesolimbic dopamine system
- nucleus accumbens
- drugs cause of flood of dopamine in reward system
- drugs alters reward system circuity because brain can’t handle big amount of dopamine rush
- reducing number of dopamine receptors
- > less sensitive to natural rewards
-taking drugs to feel normal -> to activate depressed reward system to at least feel anything
PFC
- less activation in reward system
- > less activation in PFC
- impaired control/inhibition
criticism theory: addiction as brain disease
- after 3 months most people will have a relapse
- 40-60% will have a relapse
- > takes away element of free will and motivation to actively do something
- many addicts recover without professional help (natural recovery)
- most people who become addicted are ‘ex-addicts’ at age 30
- most common reason why people quit: practical and moral concerns
- blaming other for our ‘addiction’ is popular today
addiction as a choice
- operant conditioning
- > positive reinforcement (positive effect added)
- > negative reinforcement (takes ways withdrawal symptoms)
paradox of addiction as operant behavior
- negative consequences that increase in number, magnitude, immediacy and duration
- rewarding effects of drugs diminish
- can explain why people start using drug
- cannot explain why people take drugs for so long time
- > not rational
choice behavior - behavioral economics
- behavior is not restricted to specific R-O contingencies
- dynamic choices , choices are not stable
- people make choices between different options
3 principles - behavioral economics
1) preferences are dynamic (change from day to day)
2) given a series of choices, there is more than one way to frame the possible options (structuring options, making a plan, choosing what gives us most reward)
- > often we chose immediatly to get most reward rn (local) , no matter of future consequences (global)
- > easier to do
3) individual always choose the better option
