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Biology > Tansport In Animals > Flashcards

Tansport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are transport systems needed in animals.

A

If there is low surface area to volume ratio organisms can’t rely on diffusion alone.

Larger multicellular organism have higher metabolic activity meaning they require more o2 and CO2 which diffusion alone can’t provide efficiently

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2
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A
  • there are very few vessels to contain the transport medium
  • transport medium comes into direct contact with tissues and cells
  • goes back to the heart by an open ended vessel
  • found in mainly invertebrates animals
  • transport medium is under low pressure
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3
Q

What is a closed circulatory system

A
  • In when blood is enclosed in blood vessels and does not come directly into contact with cells if the body.
  • heart pumps blood around at high pressure and relatively quickly
  • substances leave and enter the blood by diffusion through the walls of blood vessels
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4
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A
  • blood travels once through the heart for each circulation of the body
  • blood passes through 2 sets of capillaries. The first it exchanges o2 and CO2. The second is when substances are exchanged between blood and cells.
  • vessels are narrow and blood pressure is low so blood returns to the body very slowly.
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5
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A
  • Is when blood travels twice through the heart for each circulation. First to the lungs then the rest of the body.
  • One capillary network means pressure and fast flow can be maintained
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6
Q

What do arteries do

A

They carry blood away form the heart

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7
Q

What is the function in elastic fibres in the arteries

A

They entable them to withstand the force of the blood being pumped out. They also stretch and recoil to maintain high pressure.

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8
Q

What does smooth muscle do in the arteries

A

It contracts constricting the blood vessels. This allows vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

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9
Q

What is the function of collagen in arteries

A

It provides support so that the artery doesn’t burst.

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10
Q

What is the aortas relative proportion of elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen

A

There is proportion of high elastic fibres, low proportion of smooth muscle and medium proportion of collagen.

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11
Q

What is the medium sized artery relative proportion of elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen

A

Has medium proportion of smooth muscle and elastic fibres and low amount of collagen

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12
Q

What is the arteriole relative proportion of elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen

A

Low proportion of elastic fibres, medium anoint of smooth muscle and low amount of collagen.

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13
Q

Function of veins

A

They carry blood away from the cell towards the heart

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14
Q

Why does veins have wide lumen and thin walls

A

They have a wide lumen to reduce friction my have a low surface area to volume ratio. This is so it can maintain the same rate of flow.

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15
Q

What causes blood in the veins to flow

A

Muscle contraction squeezes the veins forcing blood to the heart.
Breathing movement of the chest also acts as a pump. Pressure changes and squeezing action moves blood to the heart.

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16
Q

What are the function of valves in veins

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

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17
Q

What is a large veins relative proportion of elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen

A

They have low amount of elastic compared and high amounts of smooth muscle and collagen. But all are lower compared to arteries.

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18
Q

What is a medium sized vein relative proportion of elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen

A

Has Low elastin, medium amount of smooth muscle and high amount of collagen in proportion.

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19
Q

What is the venule relative proportion of elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen

A

No elastin or smooth muscle, higher amounts of collagen.

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20
Q

What is a capillary

A

Microscopic blood vessels that links arteriales with venules

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21
Q

How are capillaries adapted to be efficient

A
  • slow blood flow for more time to exchange minerals
  • large surface area
  • thin layer to diffuse across
  • gaps in endothelial cells
  • one cell thick
22
Q

What is blood made from

A

Plasma which carries components such as glucose, amino acids hormone etc.
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

23
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Is plasma leaked from the blood through gaps in the capillary.

It has the same constituents as blood except no red blood cells, plasma proteins and some white blood cells.

24
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Is pressure resulting from a surge of blood. At the arteriole end pressure is 4.6kpa but at the venule end pressure is 2.3kpa

25
Q

Why is oncotic pressure

A

Is pressure from the tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis. This is -3.3kpa. When oncotic pressure is created than hydrostatic fluid enters back into the capillaries

26
Q

Lymph

A

10% of liquid that leaves blood vessels drain to blinded ended tubes called lymph capillaries, where it is known as lymph. Lymph is similar to tissue fluid but has less oxygen and fewer nutrients.

27
Q

How is lymph transported

A

Body muscle contract and squeeze.

28
Q

What are Lymph nodes

A

Is a place where lymphocytes build up and produce antibodies which are pushed into the blood. Lymph nodes also intercept bacteria and debris from they lymph which are digested by phagocytes.

29
Q

Order how blood flows through the heart.

A

Vena cava–>Right atrium–>Tricuspid valve–>Right ventricle –>Semilunar valve–>Pulmonary artery–>Pulmonary vein –>Left atrium–>Bicuspid valve –>Left ventricle–>Semilunar valve
–>Aorta

30
Q

What is diastole

A

When the heart relaxes and the atria and ventricles fill with blood.

31
Q

What is systole

A

Is when the heart contracts and there is a change in pressure meaning blood flows.

32
Q

Pressure changes in the heart

A
  • When ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure the atrioventricular valve closes.
  • When ventricular pressure is greater than the arteries the semilunar valves open.
  • When arteries pressure is greater than the ventricles the semilunar valves close.
  • When the pressure in the atrium is greater than the ventricles the atrioventricular opens.
33
Q

Electrocardiograms: what happens at P QRS T

A

At P- atrial contraction (depolarisation)
At QRS- ventricles contract (depolarisation)
At T- diastole (repolarisation)

34
Q

How do electrocardiograms measure heart rate

A

They measure tiny electrical differences in your skin which result from electrical activity in the heart.

35
Q

What is tachycardia

A

When the heart beat is very rapid over 100 bpm. This is normal when you exercise, frighted or have a fever. If it abnormal it may be caused my problems with electrical control in the heart.

36
Q

What is brachycardia

A

When the heart rate slows down below 60bpm. Many people have this because they are fit as training makes the heart more efficient. Sever brachycardia may need a pace maker.

37
Q

What is ectopic heart beat

A

Extra heart beats that are out of the normal rhythm. Most people have at least one a day. They can be linked to serious conditions when they are frequent.

38
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

Abnormal rhythm of the heart. Rapid electrical impulses are generated in the atria. They contract very fast up to 400 times a minute, however they don’t contract properly and only some of the impulses are passed to the ventricles. The heart is not effective.

39
Q

The basic rhythm of the heart

A
  • the heart is myogenic and initiates it own contraction
  • sino atrial node produces wave of excitation which spreads across the atria causing it to contract and moves blood into the ventricles
  • a line of non conductive tissue across the heart prevents contractions in the ventricles
  • there is a gap in the non conductive tissue and the atrioventricular node picks up the excitation
  • there is a small pause to let blood flow into the ventricles.
  • excitation travels down the bundle of his to the apex
  • the purkyne fibres spread out through the walls and contract.
40
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

A globular proteins which contains 4 units, each consisting of a polypeptide chain and a haem group.
Haem group contain a single iron atom and have an affinity for O2.
As oxygen bings to haemoglobin it is taken out of solution. This maintains a steep concentration gradient.

41
Q

What is partial pressure

A

Is relative pressure a gas contributes to a mixture of gases.

42
Q

Stages of cooperative binding

A
  1. O2 molecules combines with the first haem group
  2. The whole haemoglobin molecules distorts/stabilise (conformation change)
  3. Uptake of second O2 is made easier
  4. Further distortion of the haemoglobin molecule
  5. Uptake of third O2 molecule is made easier
  6. Uptake of the fourth is made harder
43
Q

Partial pressure in alveoli and respiring cells

A

In the alveoli partial pressure of oxygen is high, so saturation of haemoglobin in high.
In respiring cells partial pressure of oxygen is low, so saturation of haemoglobin is low and oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin.

44
Q

What is a dissociation curve

A

The percentage saturation of haemoglobin in blood plotted against partial pressure of oxygen.

45
Q

Difference in fetal haemoglobin

A
  • Have a higher affinity to oxygen
  • placenta has a lower partial pressure of oxygen
  • oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen
  • fetal haemoglobin can take up more oxygen at a lower partial pressure.

The dissociation curve shifts to the left.

46
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported

A

5% dissolved in plasma
10-20% combined with amino groups and haemoglobin
Rest hydrogen-carbonate ions

47
Q

How are hydrogen carbonate ions formed

A

-CO2 enters red blood cells and combines with water to from carbonic acid.
CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3
-carbonic acid dissociated to release hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate ions
H2CO3 —> HCO3 + H

48
Q

What is the chloride shift

A

It is when hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell into plasma. Chloride ions diffuse in to remain charge.

49
Q

What happens to the H+ ions when carbonic acid dissociates

A

H+ ions are taken up by haemoglobin to prevent red blood cells becoming acidic. This forms haemoglobin is acid.

50
Q

What is the Bohr shift

A
  • When there is more carbon dioxide
  • This lowers the affinity to oxygen
  • There is dissociation of carbonic acid increasing H+ ions leading to the release of oxygen
  • More oxygen is released at the same partial pressure
51
Q

Why do erythrocytes not make use oxygen they are transporting

A
  • They don’t have any mitochondria for aerobic respiration

- Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin

Biology (19 decks)

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