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Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Different types of sampling

A

Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Opportunistic sampling

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2
Q

When is random sampling used

A

It is used when two areas have got homogenous features. It is sampling by chance.

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3
Q

When is systematic sampling used

A

It is used when the environment has a changing gradient e.g. In moisture and temperature and sample at intervals. A transact line or belt transact are often used.

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4
Q

When is stratified sampling is used

A

When populations can be put into different sub groups based on a particular characteristic. A random sample is taken from each of these sub groups proportional to the size

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5
Q

When is opportunistic sampling used

A

This is used when there are enough of each species to sample. This is when you record things that are available in the area.

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6
Q

What is belt transact

A

Is when samples are taken between two parallel lines

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7
Q

What is the importance of sampling

A

So that you can make generalisations, estimations about the number of organisms, distribution of species or measured characteristics throughout the entire habitat.

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8
Q

What are the different levels of biodiversity

A

Habitat diversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity

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9
Q

What is habitat diversity

A

It includes abiotic factors such as soil, temperature range. Also include biotic factors such as availability of food or presence of predators. It is the number of different habitats in an area. E.g. Sand dunes, woodlands, meadows and streams.

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10
Q

What is species diversity

A

Is the number of different species (species richness) and the abundance of each species (species evenness) in an area.

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11
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

Is the variation of alleles within a species or a population of a species. E.g. Different breeds within species

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12
Q

What is species richness

What is species evenness

What creates a high biodiversity

A

The number of different species

The abundance of each species

A high species evenness and species richness creates a high biodiversity

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13
Q

Simpsons index measuring biodiversity

A

D=1-(sum of (n/N)^2

Where
n= Total number of organisms in one species
N=Total number of all organisms

The closer the answer is to 1 the more diverse the habitat and the greater its ability to cope with change.

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14
Q

What is an open quadrat

A

Is a quadrat with no grids on the inside. It is used to estimate the population of species

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15
Q

What is a gridded quadrat

A
  • Is a more accurate way to measure population of species
  • Can be more accurate by adding more grids
  • More precise if you use a smaller quadrat such as a frame quadrat
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16
Q

Frame quadrat

A

When you drop a pin through a tube that can spin on its axis. What ever the pin touches you record in you sample.

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17
Q

Chi-square test

A

Is used to access whether an observed distribution of one variable fits with another distribution that is expected.

Sum of (o-e)^2/e
Where e= expected frequency 
o= observed frequency

To calculate degrees of freedom is number or rows -1

18
Q

What is the importance of sampling when measuring biodiversity

A

It is hard to count every individual so sampling provides an estimate.

19
Q

What is species richness

A

Species richness is the number of different species in a habitat

20
Q

What is species evenness

A

The number of individual species living in an area

21
Q

What does a low value of Simpsons index of diversity mean

A

The habitat is dominated by one species and the ecosystem won’t be able to cope with change

22
Q

Explain the process of selective breeding

A
  • Breed two organisms with desired characteristics
  • Test for the desired characteristics
  • Then use the offsprings with the desired characteristic to breed
  • Over generations the population will have desired characteristics.
23
Q

What are factors affecting biodiversity

A
  • Human population growth
  • Monoculture
  • Global warming
24
Q

How does human population growth affect biodiversity

A
  • Deforestation: causing a loss of habitat
  • Over exploitation: resource are being used up faster than they are being replenished (poaching)
  • pollution: kills habitats
  • urbanisation: cities and roads isolate species
25
Q

How might a population scattered in isolated areas speed up extinction

A
  • They are scattered and less likely to breed as the is a low chance they will meet.
  • As the population is small there will be less genetic variation meaning they might not adapt if there is a change in the environment.
26
Q

What is monoculture

A

The cultivation of a single crop

27
Q

How does monoculture reduce biodiversity

A
  • Habitat loss as land is cleared to make way for large fields
  • Loss if local plants and animals as they are seen as weeds and pests
  • Monoculture: only one crop is planted
28
Q

How does global warming affect biodiversity

A
  • Melting of ice caps lead to the extinction of plants and animal species
  • Sea level rising: floods low lying land and salt water flows up lakes reducing habitats of thresh water plants
  • Higher temperatures and less rainfall would result in some plant species failing to survive
  • Insect life cycles will change as they adapt affect plants they pollinate
29
Q

Reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • Aesthetic reasons
  • Economic reasons
  • Ecological reasons
30
Q

What are aesthetic reasons of maintaining biodiversity

A
  • Natural world provides inspiration
  • Studies show that people recover from stress when they are supported by a natural environment
  • Our environment enriches our lives
31
Q

Economic reasons to maintain biodiversity

A
  • The removal of a non sustainable recourse can collapse and industry (hard wood)
  • Loss of potential economic importance with a loss of biodiversity
  • High biodiversity provides protection against abiotic stresses and disease. (Irish potato famine)
32
Q

Ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity

A
  • All organisms are interdependent on each other for their survival
  • All species are keystone species and have disproportionately large affect on the environment relative to their abundance
33
Q

Who is IUCN and what did they do

A

The international union of the conservation of nature establishes CITES the convention of international trade of endangered species.

34
Q

What does CITES regulate

A

They regulate the international trade of of wild plant and animal species and their products. 35,000 species of plants and animals are safe guarded

35
Q

What happened in the rio convention

A

A meeting of 172 nations resulting in new agreements:

  • Convention on biological diversity: national plans for sustainable development
  • United nations framework on climate change: steps to stabilise greenhouse gases
  • United nations to combat deforestation: prevent deforestation and reduce effects of drought
36
Q

What is the country side stewardship scheme

A

A scheme which offers farmers and land managers money to enhance and conserve the English landscape by:

  • Sustaining beauty and diversity of the landscape
  • Improving, extending and creating wildlife habitats
  • Restoring neglected land
  • improving opportunities for countryside enjoyment
37
Q

What is in situ conservation

A

Conservation within the natural habitat

38
Q

What is ex situ conservation

A

Conservation out of the natural habitat

39
Q

Examples of in situ conservation

A

Wildlife reserves where they control grazing, restrict human access, feed animals and remove invasive species

Marine conservation zones they create an area of refuge within populations so they can build up and repopulate adjacent areas

40
Q

Examples of ex situ conservation

A

Seed banks: where seed can be frozen and stored for over a century without losing fertility

Botanic gardens: controlled environments used to grow a variety if rare plants for the purpose of conservation, research and education

Captive breeding: breeding organisms in captivity the reintroducing them into the wild when they are strong enough. This happens in zoos and animal sanctuaries.

Biology (19 decks)

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