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Biology > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Is the science of identifying and naming species

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2
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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3
Q

Define species

A

A group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

What is the binomial name system

A

All species are given a two part name. The first word is the genus, the second is the species

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5
Q

How does the domain system split up its groups

A

It uses the difference in sequence of nucleotides in the cell (RNA), as well as lipid structure and there sensitivity to antibiotics.

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6
Q

What are the three different domain groups

A

Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

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7
Q

What are the characteristic of eukarya

A

They have 80 ribosome and RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of archaea

A

They have 70 ribosomes, RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins and the ribosomes are similar to eukaryotic ribosomes

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria

A

They have 70 ribosomes and DNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

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10
Q

What did Carl Woese propose

A

The domain system and that the prokaryote kingdom is split into two, archaebacteria and eubacteria. There chemical make up is different.

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11
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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12
Q

What are the features used to classify prokaryotes

A
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus, small ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles
  • No visible feeding mechanism
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13
Q

What features are used to classify protoctists

A
  • Mainly unicellular
  • Has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • chloroplast
  • some are sessile I put others move by cilia for flagella
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14
Q

What features are to classify fungi

A
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Nucleus, membrane bound organelles and cell wall
  • No chloroplast or chlorophyll
  • No movement
  • Nutrients required by absorption (saprophytic Feeders)
  • Store food as glycogen
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15
Q

What features are used to classify plantea

A
  • Multicellular
  • Nucleus, membrane bound organelles including chloroplast and cell wall made of cellulose
  • All contain chlorophyll
  • Don’t move
  • Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
  • Stored food as starch
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16
Q

What features are used to classify Animalia

A
  • Multicellular
  • A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • No chloroplasts
  • Nutrients required by ingestion
  • Food stored as glycogen
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17
Q

What are archaebacteria

A

Are also known as ancient bacteria and can live in extreme environments, these include hot thermal vents, acidic environments and anaerobic conditions.

18
Q

What are eubacteria

A

Are also know as true bacteria and are found in all environments.

19
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Is the evolutionary relationship between organisms.

20
Q

What is the relationship between classification and phylogeny

A

Phylogeny is the basis of classification.

21
Q

What is evolution theory

A

The way which organisms change over many years as a result of natural selection

22
Q

Who proposed natural selection and who proposed evolution

A

Alfred Wallace proposed natural selection and Darwin proposed evolution

23
Q

What is evidence for evolution

A

-Palaeontology: they study of fossils and fossil records
Simple organisms are found in the oldest rocks while more complex organisms are found in new rocks
-Comparative anatomy:they study of similarities and differences between organisms anatomy
The basic structure of vertebrate limbs are very similar, how changes show divergent evolution.
-Comparative biochemistry:similarities and differences between chemicals make up of organisms. They look at the order of bases and order of amino acids

24
Q

What are the 4 types of variation

A

Interspecific variation
Intraspecific variation
Continuous variation
Discontinuos variation

25
Q

What is interspecific variation

A

Variation between members of different species

26
Q

What is intraspecific variation

A

Differences between organisms within the same species

27
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

A characteristic that results in a certain value for example eye colour. There is no in-between values. Variation is determined by purely genetics

28
Q

What is continuous variation

A

A characteristic that can take any value within a range. For example height and mass. This is controlled by a number of genes and are influenced by the environment.

29
Q

What are the genetic causes for variation

A
  • Mutations: changes to the DNA sequence and therefore genes can lead to change ps in the proteins that are coded for. These affect metabolic and physical characteristics.
  • Meiosis: Gametes are genetically different due to crossing over and independent assortment and have half the chromosomes.
  • Sexual reproduction: Inherits genes from two parent cells
30
Q

What are Environmental causes of variation

A

Organisms are affected by the environment in which they live in. For example the presence or absence of scars. Others maybe that plants grow bigger if they have a greater access to sunlight.

31
Q

Examples of both environmental and genetic causes of variation

A

Skin colour. This is determined by how much pigment, melanin is in the skin. However when you are exposed to UV rays this results in young skin turning darker.

32
Q

What are adaptations and what are the three types

A

Are characteristics that increases an organisms chance of survival and reproduction.

  • Anatomical
  • Behavioural
  • Physiological
33
Q

What are anatomical adaptations and examples

A

Physical features (internally and externally)

  • Camouflage: blend in with the environment
  • Teeth: shape and type of teeth depending on diet
  • Body covering: scale, spines, feathers, hair and shells. Can help protect and keep warm an organism or help it fly.
  • Mimicry: copies another animals appearance or sound to fool predators.
34
Q

What are behavioural adaptations and what are the two main categories

A

The way an organisms act.
Innate: the ability to do this by inherited genes
Learned: learnt from experience or observing animals

35
Q

What are three types of behaviours

A

Survival- for example an opossum plays dead or a rabbit freezes when they think they have been spotted.
Courtship- many organisms exhibit elaborate courtship behaviours to attract a mate
Seasonal- to cope with change in the environment, examples are hibernation and migration

36
Q

What are physiological adaptations and give examples

A

Processes that take place inside an organism.

  • Poison production
  • Antibiotic production
  • Water holding
37
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

When unrelated species begin to share similar traits due to the environment or selection pressures and niches.

38
Q

Examples of convergent evolution

A

Marasupial moles and placental moles:

  • Both burrow
  • Streamlined bodies
  • Modified forelimbs
  • Velvety fur to allow smooth movement through the soil
39
Q

Stages of natural selection

A
  1. Within organisms there is variation in characteristics that are caused by different genes.
  2. Organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to competition, predation or diseases are more likely to survive and reproduce.
  3. Successful organisms pass there advantageous allele to their offspring, while no advantageous organisms are less likely to pass it on.
  4. This process repeats and the frequency of the allele that is advantageous is in mosts of the populations gene pool.
  5. This can lead to the evolution of a new species.
40
Q

How has evolution in some species has caused implications for human populations

A

The evolution of pesticides resistance in insects and drug resistance in microorganism.

Biology (19 decks)

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