Tangled Roots of English & 2 Class Definitions

Question 1

Iranian & European languages are largely descended from an ancient language known as

Answer 1

proto-Indo-European

Question 2

Two theories concerning how languages were spread: one by the …., the other by the …

Answer 2

sword; plow

Question 3

historical linguists can …. many words of proto-Indo-European from their .. ..

Answer 3

reconstruct; descendants

Question 4

reconstructed vocab led to notion that proto-Indo-European speakers were …., familiar with … and ….

Answer 4

pastoralists; sheep; wheeled vehicles

Question 5

pastoralists: a … or …

Answer 5

sheep; cattle farmer

Question 6

wheeled vehicles emerged around …., which suggests that proto-Indo-European speakers began to flourish … years ago on the …. grasslands above the … and … seas

Answer 6

4000 B.C.; 6500; steppe; Black; Caspian

Question 7

Steppe theory stipulates that the proto-indo-european speakers spread their language to …, … and …. through either … or the appeal of their ….

Answer 7

Europe; India; western China; conquest; pastoral economy

Question 8

Colin Renfrew: Cambridge … who proposed in 1987 that languages were spread by the … farmers who brought …. to Europe

Answer 8

archaeologist; Neolithic; agriculture

Question 9

based on Renfrew’s proposition, the homeland of proto-Indo-European was in …., now …, and its speakers started migrating some … to … years ago

Answer 9

Anatolia; Turkey; 8000; 9500

Question 10

Renfrew’s theory was important because … is an accepted mechanism of …, and the migration of Neolithic farmers in Europe is ….

Answer 10

expansion of farming; language spread; well documented archaeologically

Question 11

linguists objected to Renfrew’s theory due to the fact that the wheel wasn’t invented so long ago, but Renfrew argued that after their dispersal, these languages could all have …. along with the ….itself

Answer 11

borrowed the word for wheel; invention

Question 12

Renfrew’s theory is known as the … theory

Answer 12

Anatolian

Question 13

Two New Zealand biologists, … and … of University of Auckland, devised a new method of constructing … trees of ….

Answer 13

Russell Gray; Quentin Atkinson; datable; language descent

Question 14

historical linguists had drawn up trees of how proto-indo-european had split into its … based on sets of … known as …

Answer 14

daughter languages; similar words; cognates

Question 15

linguists tried and failed to date trees by comparing …. languages shared

Answer 15

how many cognates

Question 16

Gray and Atkinson realized that statistical methods developed by .. for tracking the evolution of … and … addressed man o the problems that exist in reconstructing trees of ….

Answer 16

biologists; genes; proteins; language descent

Question 17

gray and atkinson represented each indo-european language as a string of … and …, depending on whether it shared … for a list of words known to …

Answer 17

1s; 0s; cognates; resist change

Question 18

after the representations of the languages, gray and atkinson computed the likeliest of the many possible trees that would give rise to the ….. Their preferred tree’s lower branches could be dated from ….. As such, they were able to date the root

Answer 18

observed data; historical events;

Question 19

according to gray and atkinson, proto-indo-european was spoken …. to … years ago

Answer 19

7800; 9800

Question 20

gray and atkinson’s study supported the … theory

Answer 20

anatolian

Question 21

gray and atkinson, with remco bouckaert and others, applied to the dispersal of proto-indo-european a statistical model developed to track the geographical spread of …. which showed support for an … origin

Answer 21

viruses; anatolian

Question 22

gray and atkinson’s … approach was significant

Answer 22

computational

Question 23

Linguist … from U. of California, worked with …, linguist skilled in computational stuff noticed that in bouckaert’s article, their were 8 cases where an ancient language was the widely assumed ancestor of a modern language, but the modern language would be shown as being descended from a …. of the …

Answer 23

Andrew Garrett; Will Chang; hypothetical cousin; ancient language

Question 24

garrett and chang figured it would be more realistic for tree to adopt …. ancestries, despite the fact that it overlooked ….

Answer 24

generally accepted language; probability calculations

Question 25

when garrett and chang changed the tree to use generally accepted language ancestries, the tree shrank in … and its root stepped down to …. years old, in agreement with the …. hypothesis

Answer 25

age; 6500; steppe

Question 26

the largest study of ancient DNA in Europe (analyzed … people who lived … to … years ago) revealed patterns that provided evidence of a … into Germany some … years ago of people from the … culture of the …, who were the first to develop a ….

Answer 26

69; 3000; 8000; migration; 4500; Yamnaya; steppes; pastoral economy

Question 27

(DNA study) if so much of the population was replaced, the newcomers’ language probably …, supplementing theory that there was an expansion of indo-european speakers due to the …

Answer 27

prevailed steppes

Question 28

Don Ringe, historical linguist of UPenn states that the 3 oldest branchings off the Indo-European tree are: 1) languages such as …once spoken in …; 2) …, language group of … 3) the .,.. and … language groups of …

Answer 28

Hittite; Anatolia; Tocharian; western China; Italic; Celtic; Europe

Question 29

Ringe and David Anthony (archaeologist) stated that archaeological evidence attests migrations out of the …. in these … in the …

Answer 29

steppe; directions; right order

Question 30

proto-indo-european borrowed words from .., ancestor of languages such as …, … and .., and from languages of the … a location in the … would make such borrowings….

Answer 30

proto-Uralic; hungarian; finnish; estonian; caucasus; steppes; geographically plausible

Question 31

Dr. Renfrew, Anatolian theory offer, says that there is a strong possibilty that migration from the steppes to Europe recorded in ancient DNA may be a

Answer 31

secondary phenomenon

Question 32

secondary phenomenon in this situation means that indo-european could have spread first from … to the … and from there to …

Answer 32

anatolia; steppes; europe

Question 33

biologists who draw up statistically probable language trees disagree with Garrett and Chang’s methodology, claiming that it is … and ….

Answer 33

overzealous; unsupported

Question 34

written languages tend to be …

Answer 34

fossilized

Question 35

close reading: to make … what is …. in a piece of lit

Answer 35

explicit; implicit

Question 36

micro-fiction: a … written in fewer than … words

Answer 36

short-story; 300