Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHARM 124 > Tablets > Flashcards

Tablets Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physical description of molded tablets?

A

Soft, soluble and designed for rapid dissolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is molded tablets prepared?

A

They are prepared with molding rather than by compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is an inappropriate situation to use molded tablets?

A

For potent drugs due to difficulties with content uniformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does molded tablets not contain?

A

Disintegrates
Lubricants
Coatings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the process of molding

A

Powder blend is moistened with hydroalcoholic solvent
Molded under pressure lower that compression
Solvent is removed by air during

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Definition of chewable tablets

A

Intended to disintegrate in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the primarily intent for chewable tablets?

A

For children who prefer chewing a flavoured medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Advantages of Chewable tablets

A

Pleasant taste
No bitter or unpleasant aftertaste
Convenience and pt acceptance
Rapid onset of bioactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the limitation of chewable tablets?

A

Number of drug that can be put into chewable tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common excipient in chewable tablets?

A

Mannitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes mannitol better for chewable tablets

A

70% sweetness compared to sucrose
Cool taste and mouth fell
Non-hydroscopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is used for sugar free chewable tablets?

A

Xylitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is important counselling point for chewable tablets?

A

Do not swallow whole
Chew to break the tablet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of Chewable tablets

A

antacids – Maalox, Tums
vitamins – Vitamin C, calcium
analgesics - aspirin – children’s chewable – often used for pets, acetaminophen
Anticonvulsant: carbamazepine
Angina pain medication: Isosorbide dinitrate*
antibiotics – amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define effervescent tablets

A

Large wafer like tablets which dissolve rapidly in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the benefit of effervescent tablets?

A

Large surface area allows for faster rate of solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is released when effervescent tablets are breaking up?

A

Carbon dioxide generated from sodium bicarbonate and citric or tartaric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When is the chemical reaction initiated with effervescent tablets?

A

When it is placed in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is important considerations of effervescent tablets?

A

Binders, fillers and lubricants are water soluble
Moisture excluded during manufacturing
Packaged in moisture-proof containers to avoid degradation
Tablets individually wrapped in foil strip or wrapped and stacked in tubes
Flavoured & sweetened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Examples of effervescent tablets

A

Vitamin C
Calcium
Alka-seltzer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Important counselling for dispensing effervescent tablets?

A

Dissolve in water at room temperature
Once effervescence stops, wait >5 min and stir the solution for about 10 seconds then drink
Store away from humid conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the tablet placed for sublingual tablets?

A

Under the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the tablet placed for buccal tablets?

A

In the side of the cheek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the purpose of sublingual tablets?

A

Designed to produce an immediate systemic effect by enabling drug to be directly absorbed through the oral mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is general physical description of sublingual tablets?

A

Are small, soft and flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the purpose of buccal tablets?

A

They are designed to erode relatively slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is RDT and ODT?

A

Rapidly dissolving tablets
Orally disintegrating tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the difference between sublingual and buccal tablets?

A

Require more than a minute to dissolve in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

FDA definition of RDTs

A

A solid dosage form containing medicinal substances, which disintegrates rapidly, usually within a matter of seconds when placed upon the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the benefit of ODT?

A

Enchanted clinical effects through pre-gastric absorption front eh mouth, pharynx and esophagus
Increase the bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is done in packaging to protect ODT from moisture?

A

Packaged in blister packs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Patient information for ODT

A

Do not try to administer tablets with wet hands
Store tablets in a dry place
Certain products may cause a burning or prickling sensation on the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Challenges of ODT and (sublingual)

A

Drug loading
Taste masking and palatability
Friability
Extra cost of packaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the challenge of friability?

A

Balance difficult to maintain a between friability and speed of dissolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is benefit of lozenges

A

Promote saliva flow (which is soothing)
May be used for systemic effect (if absorbed by buccal lining)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Examples of lozenges

A

Fentanyl (lollipop)
Nicotine
Sore throat
Flurbiprofen
Zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What patients who lozenges are useful for?

A

Difficult swallowing
Paediatric pt
Geriatric pt
Pt with GI blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How are lozenges prepared?

A

Prepared by molding or compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is another name for molded lozenges?

A

Pastilles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is another name for harder lozenges?

A

Troches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Compressed lozenges are different

A

They are harder
So they will slowly dissolve or disintegrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the basic properties of a good lozenge?

A

Slow uniform dissolution or erosion over 5-10 minutes period
Smooth surface texture
Pleasant flavour masking drug taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are some therapeutic use for lozenges?

A

local anaesthetics (benzocaine)
antiseptics/antimicrobial
antitussives (cough drops)
decongestants
Antihistamines
anti-nausea
analgesics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the ingredient in a compounded lozenges?

A

Sugars to form a hard lozenge
PEG to form a soft lozenge
Gelatin to form a chewable lozenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Composition of hard lozenges

A

Might be considered solid syrups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the percentage of sucrose and corn syrup for hard lozenges?

A

55-65% sucrose
35-45% corn syrup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a critical step for hard lozenges?

A

To follow all formation instructions and pay particular attention to temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is hard lozenges high or low moisture content?

A

Low (0.5-1.5%)
So the water is evaporated off by boiling the sugar mixture during the compounding process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the benefit of soft lozenges?

A

Can be hand rolled
Then cut into pieces which contain the correct amount of active ingredient
More convenient dispensing method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the composition of soft lozenges

A

PEG 1000 or 1450
Chocolate
Sugar acacia base
Silica gel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is acacia

A

Used to add texture and smoothness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is silica gel

A

Used as a suspending agent to keep materials from settling to the bottom of the mold cavity during the cooling process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What should be changed in the compounding steps if using PEGs?

A

The mixture will need to be overfilled as PEG contract once cooler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the composition of chewable lozenges?

A

Glycerinated gelatin suppository formula which consists of glycerin, gelatin and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is capping?

A

The partial or complete separation of the top or bottom crowns of a tablet from the main body of the tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is lamination?

A

The separation of a tablet into 2 or more distinct layers (transverse cracking and separation of tablets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

List the causes of lamination/capping

A

Air entrapment in light and fluffy powders
Excessive “fines”
Too little moisture in granulation
Weak granules or too weak a binder
Improver adjustment of machinery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is picking?

A

The surface material from a tablet that is sticking and being removed from the tablet surface by a punch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is sticking?

A

Tablet material adhering to the die wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

List causes of picking/sticking

A

Inadequate lubrication
Insufficiently dried wet granulation
Poor finish on punch surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is whispering?

A

Fine edge attached but not broken off tablet
End up with high friability values since whiskers are removed in friability testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

List causes of whiskering

A

Especially deep concave punches
Punches worn and in poor condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is chipping/splitting?

A

Tablet either chipped or split in half

64
Q

List causes of chipping or splitting

A

Poor finish or worn punches and dies

65
Q

What is friability?

A

The ability of the compressed tablet to withstand abrasion or crumbling in packaging, handling and shipping

66
Q

List the causes of friability

A

Inadeqaute bonding of tablet mix
Too much or too little pressure
Worn punches or dies

67
Q

List causes of poor disintegration

A

Tablets hardness too high
Low amount of disintegrant
Too much binder
Over lubrication causing “waterproofing”

68
Q

What is mottling?

A

An unequal or uneven distribution of colour on or in a tablet

69
Q

List the causes of mottling

A

Uneven distribution of powdered lakes
Soluble dye migration during drying

70
Q

What is low hardness?

A

Can lead to rapid release of drug from form or tablet will be too fragile for shipping and handling

71
Q

List causes of low hardness

A

Compression pressure too low
Binder can affect the hardness of a tablet

72
Q

What are some traits of tablets?

A

Solid dosage forms
Prepared by compression or molding
Contain on or more medicinal substances

73
Q

What are some parts in a tablets?

A

Drug
Diluents
Disintegrants
Colourants
Coating
Binders

74
Q

What is the prep stages of compressed tablets?

A

Powders
Compression
Tablets

75
Q

What is the problem with compressed tablets?

A

Simple powders may have poor flow and compression characteristics
They require tremendous pressure and the resulting tablet may not have desired characteristics

76
Q

What is the solution to the main problem of compressed tablets?

A

Materials to be compressed usually require some modification such as formation of granules (helps with cohesive and flow)

77
Q

Define granulation

A

The process of particle size enlargement of powdered ingredients

78
Q

What is the commonly used processed methods?

A

Wet granulation
Dry granulation

79
Q

What is the advances in the wet granulation process?

A

Fluid bed granulator
Microwave vacuum processing

80
Q

Explain fluid bed granulator

A

Whole process in one machine through fluidized air movement

81
Q

Define microwave vacuum processing

A

Use of microwaves reduces the drying time by one fourth

82
Q

What is another name for diluents?

A

Fillers

83
Q

Purpose of diluents

A

Acts as a vehicle/carrier for the drug
Increase the bulk of the tablets
Help improve or maintain content uniformity
Diluents comprise from as little as 5% to as much as 80% of total weight

84
Q

Examples of diluents

A

Lactose
Dextrose
Starch
Mannitol
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)

85
Q

What is a binder?

A

Often considered the most critical ingredient
They impact cohesiveness to powders therefore providing the necessary bonding to form granules which are then compacted into tablets

86
Q

Explain how the amount of binder is critical

A

Sufficient binder is necessary to maintain an intact tablet during transit , dispensing and handling
Concentration range varies from 1 to 20%

87
Q

What percent is diluents?

A

5-80%

88
Q

What percentage is binders?

A

1-20%

89
Q

Examples of binders

A

Starch
Gelatin
Glucose
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)

90
Q

Can tablet excipients work as more than one function?

A

Yes

91
Q

What does dextrose, sucrose and lactose do?

A

They exhibit binding properties

92
Q

What two functions can starch and MCC have?

A

Binding and disintegrate properties

93
Q

What functions can lactose and sucrose both have?

A

Impact hardness

94
Q

What does starch, kaolin and dextrose add?

A

Softness

95
Q

What does mannitol, lactose and sorbitol add?

A

A cooling effect

96
Q

What is the properties that lubricants add?

A

Gliding effect
Anti adhesive effect
Acts as lubricant

97
Q

Explain gliding effects

A

Provide by coating and lubricating particle surfaces
This helps improve flow properties of tablet granulation

98
Q

Explain anti-adhesive effects

A

Prevents adhesion of materials to punches and dies during tablet compression

99
Q

Explain why lubricant is needed

A

It is need between walls of die cavity and tablet
Helps to facilitating tablet ejection

100
Q

List examples of lubricants

A

Magnesium stearate
Stearic acid
Talcum

101
Q

What percentage is lubricants?

A

<1 %

102
Q

What is the purpose of disintegrants

A

Facilitates the break-up of a tablet after administration
Causes the tablet to rupture or break apart when it comes in contact with the aq fluid of the GI tract
Facilitates disintegration, dispersion and dissolution of tablets

103
Q

Mechanism of disintegrants

A

Involves porosity, capillary action and swelling
It is believed to draw gastric fluids into the tablet, causing porosity in the tablet or swelling and finally break up due to hydrostatic pressure

104
Q

Examples of disintegrants

A

Starch
Microcrystalline cellulose
Sodium bicarbonate & citric/tartaric acid

105
Q

Function of colouring agents

A

To enhance esthetician quality
To provide distinctiveness to the product/ to aid in product identification
Colourants must be approved by regulatory bodies

106
Q

Function of flavouring agents

A

to make it taste better for better compliance

107
Q

What are required for chewable and effervescent tablets?

A

sweeteners and flavoring agents

108
Q

What are some examples of flavoring agents?

A

peppermint
vanilla
cherry

109
Q

What is the purpose of moleded tablets?

A

makes soft, easily disintegrating tablets
designed for rapid dissolution

110
Q

Why should combining with calcium salts with tetracycline?

A

it interferes with absorption of tetracycline from the gut

111
Q

What the preparation of a compressed tablets?

A

prepared by compression using tablet presses the basic mechanical unit is a punch and die set

112
Q

What does the basic mechanical unit for tablet compression consists of?

A

lower punch
upper punch
die

113
Q

Explain the feeder

A

transfer of granules into position in the die cavity

114
Q

Explain the metering

A

leveling of the granule/powder contents in the die, removal of extra granules
the position of the lower punch in the die is responsible for the volume of the cavity which is adjusted depending on the weight of the granules

115
Q

Explain of compression

A

top and bottom punches come together by pressure within the die to form the tablet
as this stage approaches, the top and bottom punches move between two large wheels called compression rolls
the distance between top and the bottom punches define the thickness and hardness of the tablet

116
Q

Explain the ejection

A

the upper punch retracts from the die cavity, the lower punch rises in the die and pushes out the tablet
then by the scrapper tablets are collected in the container

117
Q

What is the purpose of tablet coating?

A

smooth surface
product identification
mask drug taste
improve drug stability in the tablet

118
Q

What are some functions of coating?

A

enteric coating
controlled/sustained release

119
Q

Types of Tablet coatings

A

sugar coating
film coating
functional coating

120
Q

Potential problems with sugar coating

A

many steps of this process involve tumbling -tablets must be hard enough to withstand it
must mix uniformly or coating goes on unevenly resulting in tablets of different sizes and weights

121
Q

What is the common coating?

A

film coating

122
Q

What is the film coating process?

A

tablets move through a zone where the coating material is applied
via a coating pan, spray in a fluidized stream, or press coating

123
Q

Factors of Mixing of Tablet mass

A

pan shape, rotational speed and loading affect the mixing of tablets and coating

124
Q

What is essential to deposit the same quantity of film?

A

uniform mixing

125
Q

What can cause unacceptable color uniformity?

A

poor tablet movement in coating pan

126
Q

What is a compression coating?

A

compaction of a dry coat around a tablet core, produced on the same tableting machine

127
Q

What is used to create a layered tablet?

A

compression coding

128
Q

Is organic or aqueous film coating preferred? Why?

A

Aqueous is preferred because organic is expensive and sometimes not environmentally friendly

129
Q

What are some challenges when it comes to aqueous film coating?

A

slow evaporation of water
orange peel effect
bridging
tablet erosion

130
Q

What is the orange peel effect?

A

roughness of coating on tablet surface due to failure of spray droplets to coalesce

131
Q

What is bridging?

A

covering of score line or monogram on the tablet due to longer drying times

132
Q

What is tablet erosion?

A

disfiguration of the core tablet when subjected to the coating solution for too long

133
Q

Explain enteric coating

A

allows for disintegration in the intestine rateher than the stomach
could be a type of film coating

134
Q

Explain CAP

A

cellulose acetate phthalate is the most common material used in enteric coating

135
Q

Explain Functional Coatings

A

allow for timed release can have particles coated with varying thickness of coating so drug is released gradually from the dosage unit

136
Q

What are some physical features of tablets?

A

general appearance
size
shape
organoleptic properties

137
Q

What are some factors of general appearance of tablets?

A

texture
scoring
engraving

138
Q

What are some factors of size of tablets?

A

diameter & thickness

139
Q

What are some factors of shape of tablets?

A

oval
oblong
triangular
flat

140
Q

What are some factors of organoleptic properties?

A

color
odour
taste

141
Q

What are some other important physical specifications of tablets?

A

tablet weight
thickness
hardness
disintegration
content uniformity
drug dissolution

142
Q

What are some tests for tablets?

A

tablet hardness
friability test
drug content uniformity
drug release

143
Q

Explain tablet hardness test

A

a function of die fill and compression force
tablets should be sufficiently hard. toresists breaking or chipping during packaging shipping and normal handling yet soft enough to disintegrate or dissolve properly after administration

144
Q

Define tablet hardness

A

as the force required to break a tablet in a diametric compression test

145
Q

Explain friability test

A

tablets are allowed to roll and fall within a rotating tumbling apparatus
tablets are weighed before and after a specified number of rotation and the loss in weight is determined

146
Q

Define friability test

A

ability of tablet to withstand abrasion in packaging, shipping and handling
in other words its tendency to crumble

147
Q

What are the two drug content uniformity test?

A

weight variation
content uniformity

148
Q

Explain the weight variation test

A

Relies on tablet weight to assess the amount of drug in each unit
The greater the amount of drug the more accurate the method is

149
Q

Explain the content uniformity

A

Assesses uniformity of content by assaying each dosage unit
Needs to be around 15% range within a relative standard deviation of <6 %

150
Q

The importance of dissolution test

A

Since drug absorption and bioavailability are dependent upon the drug being dissolved state

151
Q

The purpose of the dissolution testing

A

Shows that
The release of the drug from a dosage form is around 100%
The rate of release is uniform from batch to batch
The rate of release is the same as the release rate from those batches proven bioavailability and clinically effective

152
Q

When is the dissolution testing useful?

A

In the early stages of drug development & formulation to optimize the dosage form characteristics

153
Q

What two drug release test need to be performed?

A

Disintegration and dissolution

154
Q

What is the measure of a pass or fail of disintegration?

A

Six tablets are agitated in a given medium (water) at 37 C
The tablets must disintegrate within a specified time period

155
Q

What is disintegration tests used for?

A

As a mean to ensure that there is batch to batch consistency with respect to disintegration

PHARM 124 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions