Intro to Solid Dosage Forms

Question 1

Why do we need dosage forms?

Answer 1

convenient and safe delivery of accurate dosage
avoid drug degradation
to improve palatability
to provide in a form that can be administered
to control drug release rate

Question 2

What dosage forms are out there?

Answer 2

Tablets
capsules
solutions
suspensions
emulsions
powders
ointments
creams

Question 3

Steps in formulation development

Answer 3

pre-formulation studies
formulation
testing in a biological system

Question 4

Advantages of Solid Dosage Forms

Answer 4

unit dose
cost of shipping
no breakage or leakage
masking taste less difficult
more portable
require less space per dose
good physical and chemical stability
elegant distinctive appearance which has a high patient acceptability

Question 5

Disadvantages of Solid Dosage Forms

Answer 5

potential bioavailability problems
potential irritant effect on GI mucosa
occasional difficulty in formulation
manufacturing can be more technical or specialized

Question 6

Physical Properties of solid dosage forms

Answer 6

flow properties when mixing powders
stability in the solid state
solubility and dissolution rate
biological activity

Question 7

types of compounded powders

Answer 7

bulk powders for internal use
other bulk powders

Question 8

Dissolution rate

Answer 8

the rate at which the particle dissolves.
By increasing the surface area, one may increase the bioavailability for some poorly soluble drugs, because there is often a direct relationship between dissolution rate and bioavailability and drug absorption.

Question 9

Suspendability

Answer 9

the ability of particle to remain undissolved but uniformly dispersed in a liquid vehicle

Question 10

Accuracy of Dosage Form

Answer 10

there must be uniform distribution of drug substance in a powder mixture or dosage form and to ensure batch to batch uniformity

Question 11

Penetrability

Answer 11

the ability of particle to reach their intended location

Question 12

non grittiness

Answer 12

do not want solid particle in dermal products to feel “gritty”. Finer particles allow for a smoother texture and better appearance and flow. This is also important for oral products such as chewable tablets.

Question 13

chemical stability

Answer 13

refers to degradation reaction
smaller particles have an increased surface area, leaving them more exposed and vulnerable to reaction with oxygen, water and light

Question 14

Flowability

Answer 14

effect on flow properties of powders and mixing of powders and granules
this is important in the manufacturing of tablets and capsules

Question 15

Compressibility

Answer 15

effect on adhesion and sticking together when compressing granules into tablets
this is important in the manufacturing of tablets and capsules

Question 16

Sieving

Answer 16

size is expressed in terms of mesh, where mesh is the number of openings per linear inch of a screen
therefore, the larger the mesh, the smaller the particles

Question 17

Advantages of the Sieving method

Answer 17

inexpensive, simple and fast

Question 18

disadvantages of the sieving method

Answer 18

does not provide as much information as microscopy

Question 19

Define monodisperse powders

Answer 19

powders containing particles of uniform size (RARE)

Question 20

define polydisperse powders

Answer 20

particle size varies a great deal

Question 21

Define comminution

Answer 21

the mechanical process of reducing particle size of a solid substance to a finer state of subdivision

Question 22

where the three manually operated procedures in a small scale comminution

Answer 22

trituration
levigation
pulverization by intervention

Question 23

define trituration

Answer 23

the process of grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size

Question 24

define levigation

Answer 24

the process of mixing a powder with a liquid or semi solid vehicle in which the powder is insoluble to form a smooth paste

Question 25

define pulverization by intervention

Answer 25

particle size reduction with the aid of an additional material which can be later removed

Question 26

what is small scale comminution

Answer 26

most commonly involves the use of a mortar and pestle

Question 27

Industrial Comminution

Answer 27

milling is industrial scale or mechanical process of reducing particle size

Question 28

List examples of milling equipment

Answer 28

coarse crushers intermediate grinders fine grinding mills

Question 29

Define trituration

Answer 29

using a mortar and pestle and mixing in a single operation

Question 30

define spatulation

Answer 30

blending powders with a spatula on a tile or paper

Question 31

Define Sieving

Answer 31

used to help reduce loosely held agglomerates or to increase overall effectiveness of a blending process

Question 32

Ideal large scale industrial mixer should

Answer 32

produce a complete blend rapidly with as gentle as possible a mixing action to avoid product damage be easily cleaned and discharged be dust-tight require low maintenance and low power consumption

Question 33

Define oral powder

Answer 33

usually used after mixing in water this dosage form is preferred by pt unable to swallow other solid dosage forms

Question 34

define topical powders

Answer 34

external application to the skin most powders are used this way

Question 35

Definition of powder

Answer 35

a mixture of dry, finely divided drugs and/chemicals that may be intended for internal or external use

Question 36

Advantages of powders

Answer 36

flexibility in compounding suitable for infants and young children who cannot swallow tablets or capsules rapid onset of drug action because disintegration is not required can be applied to many body cavities such as ears, nose, tooth sockets and throat relatively good chemical stability

Question 37

Disadvantages of powders

Answer 37

potential for misunderstanding of the correct method of use that can lead to inaccurate dosing undesirable for bitter or unpleasant tasting drugs difficult to protect hygroscopic time consuming to prepare uniform wrapped doses

Question 38

Advances of Powder formulations

Answer 38

particle size taste masking route of delivery delivery device

Question 39

List other bulk powders

Answer 39

dusting powders dentifrices douche powders others

Question 40

Explain what a dusting powders

Answer 40

medicated or non-medicated powders for topical application

Question 41

Explain what dentifrices are used for

Answer 41

dental cleaning powders denture powders

Question 42

Explain what douche powders are

Answer 42

completely soluble powders intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptics or cleansing agents for a body cavity

Question 43

Explain the need for bulk powders for oral use

Answer 43

a convenient method of dispensing nonpotent, powdered drugs, which hace doses that require large volumes of powder

Question 44

General Comments about bulk powders for oral use

Answer 44

usually dispensed in wide mouth containers dose is measured volumetrically by the pt often administered using a household measuring device