tableting 1+2

Question 1

what are tablets?

Answer 1

solid preparations each containing a single dose of one or more active ingredients and obtained by compressing uniform volumes of particles

Question 2

what is tableting?

Answer 2

Compaction of powder or granules using compressive force

Question 3

what is the drug dose for a single-dose solid oral dosage form for a conventional tablet?

Answer 3

dose of drug from 0.1 to 1000 mg

Question 4

what weight can special tablets such as chewing tablets or effervescent tablets be?

Answer 4

up to 2g

Question 5

what are the two type of tablets?

Answer 5

1-single-solid oral dosage form

2- intermediate for film coating

Question 6

which of the two tablets can have markings for identification?

Answer 6

single solid oral dosage form

Question 7

why are some tablets film coated?

Answer 7

for protective reasons- light sensitive, decomposition of drug in stomach acid

Question 8

what are the types of film coatings?

Answer 8

• enteric coating

- modified release coating

Question 9

why are tablets popular?

Answer 9

• can be produced from majority of substances
• dry-stability
• cheaper
• high dose content uniformity
• simple and easy admin- good compliance
• easy to pack/store/ transport
• adequate choice of excipients

Question 10

what are the different types of tablets available?

Answer 10

Conventional tablets
Chewable tablets
Effervescent tablets
Lozenges
Sublingual tablets
Buccal tablets
Controlled release tablets
Fast disintigrating tablets
Liquisolid tablets
Floating tablets

Question 11

how can tablets be manufactured?

Answer 11

enteric tablet press single punch
single die
one pair punches

2- rotary press
- number of dies
set of punches
- 10,000/ min

Question 12

what are the 3 stages of tableting?

Answer 12

Die filling -Flow of the powder, by gravity, from the hopper into the die
Tablet formation-Descending of the upper punch to entre the die -Compression of the powder and formation of tablets
Tablet ejection-The lower punch rises and the tablet is removed from the die

Question 13

what are the 4 steps to produce a tablet on an eccentric tablet press?

Answer 13

• only upper punch compresses
• pressure drop from upper to lower punch due to friction
• per stroke one tablet (or one set for multiple dies)
• simple filling procedure

Question 14

what is the general principle of the rotary tablet machine?

Answer 14

During compression both punches take part in the powder compaction process

Question 15

what are the modern machines features?

Answer 15

two filling stations-1/2 tablet rotation per tablet
30-60 dies per tablet
-multiple bore dies for smaller tablet sizes
-up to 1 mil tabs per hour

Question 16

what are the advantages of MR press-coated tablets prep?

Answer 16

–separation of incompatible drugs–no application of moisture or heat during coating–extended possibilities for manufacture of modified-release preparations–less variability in disintegration, when enteric press coat–machines require less space–less time and energy consumption

Question 17

what are the advantages of multi-layer tablets?

Answer 17

–easier to produce than press-coated tablets
–separation of incompatible drugs
–manufacture of modified release preparations with various release-rates

Question 18

what are the disadvantages of multilayer tablets?

Answer 18

–granules/powders should have small particle size distribution
–granule size must not be larger than 0.5×layer thickness
–binder must be the same in all layers
–sparse use of lubricant

Question 19

what are the typical compositin of tablets?

Answer 19

• active component(s)
• filler/bulking agent
• binder
• disintegrant
• lubricant
• glidant
• wetting agent
• colours and flavours

Question 20

what is the role of diluents for tableting?

Answer 20

bulking agents- to fill up the volume/mass / to gain a defined tablet size
some act as binder material

Question 21

what is direct tableting?

Answer 21

diluent and drug must have similar particle size and particle size distribution

Question 22

what are the requirements of the diluent if there is an insoluble drug>

Answer 22

diluent must be hydrophilic

Question 23

what are some examples of diluents?

Answer 23

microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, dicalciumphosphate dihydrate, pregelatinised starch

Question 24

what are the role of disintegrates for tableting?

Answer 24

to break up tablets into individual granules/particles at contact with water
act mainly by swelling i.e. volume increase due to uptake of moisture. Examples: cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium starch glycollate(insoluble in water)

Question 25

how do disintegrants work?

Answer 25

``` swelling capillary (“wicking”) action i.e. providing pathways for moisture penetration into tablet. Examples: colloidal silicium dioxide, pregelatinise dstarch ```

Question 26

what is a lubricant used for?

Answer 26

to reduce friction between powder and tableting tools

Question 27

what is a glidant used for?

Answer 27

to increase powder flowability

Question 28

what are typical lubricants?

Answer 28

magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearicacid, glyceryl monostearate, hydrogenated cotton seed oil, sodium stearyl fumarate, polyethylene glycol

Question 29

what are typical glidants?

Answer 29

glidants: colloidal silicium dioxide, Talcum powder, all lubricants

Question 30

what are examples of anti-sticking agents?

Answer 30

glidants, but not lubricants

Question 31

what is diametral compression test?

Answer 31

it is the tablets tensile strength | - the way it cracks determines if it passes of fails

Question 32

what is the chewing action?

Answer 32

stress on mandibular joints must not exceed 30-40 N

Question 33

What are the threshold values for flexural tensile strength?

Answer 33

1

Question 34

what is tablet fraibility?

Answer 34

to test mechanical resistance against attrition/abrasion | rotation of tablets in a drum for 4 min (100 revolutions)

Question 35

why do we test the fraibility of a tablet?

Answer 35

important for transport, packing and film coating

Question 36

what is the upper limit for film coating?

Answer 36

upper limit for film coating 0.5%

Question 37

how do we measure disintigration?

Answer 37

break up of tablets at contact with water (37°C), so that all fragments pass a 2 mm aperture sieve –up and down movement of disintegration basket in water to agitate immersed tablets

Question 38

what is the max disintegration time for conventional tabs?

Answer 38

15 min | except for coated/ soluble or effervescent tablets

Question 39

how much of the drug should be dissolved within 45 min of dissolution?

Answer 39

70%

Question 40

what are the 3 types of tablet deformation?

Answer 40

- elastic deformation - plastic deformation - fragmentation

Question 41

what is elastic material deformation?

Answer 41

elastic deformation (deformation during and recovery of original shape after compression)

Question 42

what is ductile material deformation?

Answer 42

plastic deformation during compression (permanent change in shape)

Question 43

what is brittle materials deformation?

Answer 43

deformation and fragmentation during compression (fragments retain their shapes after compression)

Question 44

how do you know what type of material it is from the compressive strength/tensile strength/

Answer 44

ductile materials are aprox 2 | brittle materials are greater than 1

Question 45

what is the ratio for microcryst. cellulose and lactose monohydrate?

Answer 45

microcryst. Cellulose 6.70 | Lactose monohydrate 11.27