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PHA 223 > micro 5 > Flashcards

micro 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what was the 8th leading cause of mortality in 2016?

A

diarrhoea

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2
Q

what is diarrhoea also known as?

A

gastroenteritis

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3
Q

what is gastroenteritis?

A
  • Inflammation of the GI tract (particularly the stomach and small intestine
  • Other things can inflame the GI tract but we are talking about microorganisms here)
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4
Q

what is travlers diahorrea?

A
  • Inflammation of the GI tract (particularly the stomach and small intestine
  • Other things can inflame the GI tract but we are talking about microorganisms here)
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5
Q

what is the most common cause of travlers dihorrea?

A

e.coli (etec)

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6
Q

what is travelers diarrhea usually associated with?

A
  • Traditionally associated with food borne diseases

* Classically water •More commonly poor sanitation/ hygiene practices

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7
Q

what is norovirus?

A

•Very infectious (<100 virus particles)

- can cayse diarohoeea

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8
Q

how many subgroupes and genotypes does the norovirus have?

A
  • At least 6 different genogroups(I to VI) and >40 genotypes

* GII causes the most human infections

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9
Q

what season is norovirus most common around?

A

winter

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10
Q

what is noroviruses structure?

A
  • Single stranded RNA virus
  • Approx. 8Kb long
  • Has 2 structural proteins;•VP1: The dominant protein
  • VP2: Role not known
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11
Q

what is VP1 subdivided into?

A
  • 180 copies form a t=3 icosahedral viron (explanation here)
  • Made up of 2 domains;•P (protruding) domain•P1 binds P2 and S domains •P2 involved in antigenicity and cell attachment•S (shell) domain highly conserved
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12
Q

how many vp2’s are present in noroviruses?

A

1/2 copies

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13
Q

how many non-surgical protieins are present in norovirus?

A

6

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14
Q

what is rotavirus?

A
  • Rotavirus is a dsRNA viruses
  • Genome is only 18555 nucleotides in total
  • Most common cause of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children
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15
Q

how many rotavirus particles are neede to cause disease?

A

<100 virus particles may cause disease

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16
Q

how many species are there of rotavirus?

A
  • 8 species of rotavirus

* Classified A-H •Humans primarily infected by A-C•A causes >90% of infections in humans

17
Q

how can you further clasify rotavirus group a ?

A

based on serotype of 2 viral surface proteins
•G protein
•P protein

18
Q

how is rotavirus usually transmitted?

A
  • Transmission mainly via faecal-oral route

* Improved sanitation/hygiene practices do not decrease prevalence

19
Q

when is the virus contageous?

A

•Virus may start shedding before symptom onset and continue to be shed after symptoms have been resolved

20
Q

what is the rota virus’ structure?

A

6 structural and 6 non-structural proteins

21
Q

what are the 6 structural proteins in the rota virus? and what do they do?

A
  • VP1: RNA polymerase
  • VP2: Inner core layer binds RNA genome
  • VP3: Capping enzyme (guanylyl transferase; protects viral mRNA from nucleases)
  • VP4: Surface spike. Involved in binding to target. Determines P-type.•Determines how virulent the virus is
  • VP6: Major capsid protein. Used to lab identify rotavirus A.
  • VP7: Glycoprotein, makes up outer surface of the virus. Used to determine G-type
22
Q

what are the two main non- structural proteins in the rotavirus and what do they do?

A
  • NSP1: Interferon antagonist

* NSP4: Viral enterotoxin (induces diarrhoea)•Secreted form causes ↑Ca2+ in host cells

23
Q

how do you treat the rota and the nora virus?

A
  • No specific treatments available for Rotavirus and Norovirus infections
  • Focus on management of symptoms
  • Particularly dehydration due to fluid los
24
Q

when are antivirals used for treatment?

A

•Antivirals are not used for Rotavirus and Norovirus treatment

25
Q

which virus is there a vaccine available for?

A

Vaccine available for Rotavirus but not Norovirus

26
Q

how is the rota virus made up?

A

the vaccine varries depending on where you are

27
Q

what does the rota virus vaccine protect againts?

A

•Children in UK vaccinated against type A rotavirus•8 weeks and 12 weeks

28
Q

what kind of vaccine is the rota virus?

A
  • Rotarixis a live attenuated vaccine
  • Produced by growing on verocells
  • Based on the RIX4414 strain
  • Each dose contains ≥106CCID50
29
Q

what is eschericha coli?

A

•E.coli is a very large and diverse group of bacteria

30
Q

where is E.coli usually found?

A
  • Commonly found in human gut/warm blooded mammals

* Facultativelyanaerobic•Can adapt to different ecological niches

31
Q

how can strains subdivided?

A
  • O antigen: Part of the LPS
  • K antigen: Capsule
  • H antigen: Flagellin
32
Q

what are the two main types of e.coli that are studied well?

A

Enterotoxigenic

Shiga toxin producing

33
Q

what is enterotoxinigenec e.coli most assoicated with?

A

most common cause of travelers diahorrea

34
Q

what are the important virulence factors associated with enterotexigenic e.coli?

A

•Toxins (plasmid or transposon);•Heat-stable toxin (ST)•Heat-labile toxin (LT)

  • Surface structures
  • Colonization factors
  • Plasmid mediated fimbrialor surface antigens
35
Q

what is the diorrheal process of how enterotexigeneic e.coli toxins work?

A
  1. E. coli attaches to the cell
  2. Heat stabile toxin secreted and interacts with guanylate cyclase-C receptor(GC-C)
  3. Increases cGMP
  4. Increases phosphorylation to CFTR
  5. Pumps Cl-out →contributes to osmotic diarrhoea
36
Q

is there a vaccine available for enterotoxigenic e.coli?

A

no but there is some development on them

PHA 223 (42 decks)

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