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PHA 223 > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

what are the role of the sinuses?

A

mucus production- for immune response
air filtration
cilia to trap bacteria/ move mucus

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2
Q

what would be the immune response shown by sinuses?

A

nasal congestion or secretion (runny nose) or running of secretion into sinuses ( blocked nose)- processes of what is causing them is the same

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3
Q

what is the most likely causes of sinus inflamation?

A

viral cause/ cold
- if it self limiting
upper resp tract infections

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4
Q

what are the treatments for sinus inflamation?

A

antihistamines

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5
Q

what is nasal congestion?

A

Excessive nasal secretions

•Inflamed and swollen nasal mucosa

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6
Q

what are the role of histamine receptors?

A
  • Mediator of allergic/ inflammatory reactions

- Antihistamines competitive antagonism at histamine receptors

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7
Q

how many histamine receptors are there and what are they used for?

A
  • 4 different types
  • Both h1 and h4- involved in allergic inflammation
  • Only use h1 for target rec for drugs- antihistamines
  • H2- in gastric mucous- gastric acid sec
  • H3- brain- for sleep and wake cycle
  • H1- in smooth muscle in resp tract- keep blood vessels dilated/ bronchoconstriction/ mucous secretion
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8
Q

what effect does histamine have on smooth muscle?

A

Bronchial SM H1receptor activation produces bronchoconstriction
Activation inc Ca2+ in SM leading to SM contraction

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9
Q

what receptors are histamine coupled to?

A
  • Coupled to g proteins- main function is to transmit and extracellular stimulate and transfer to intracellular stimuli
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10
Q

what are histamines effects on blood vessels?

A
  • H1 – causes influx of calcium ions

- This causes release of certain mediators like nitric oxide-stim cGMP- smooth muscle relaxaction

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11
Q

how do decongestants work?

A
  • Work on alpha 1 receptors
  • Bind in upper resp tract
  • Cause vasoconstriction- reverse effect of histamine
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12
Q

what are the 2 types of decongestants?

A

Adrenergics–Largest group–Sympathomimetics

•Anticholinergics–Less commonly used–Parasympatholytics

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13
Q

what is relief of nasal congestion associated with?

A

–Acute rhinitis–Common cold–Sinusitis–Hay fever–Reduce swelling of the nasal passage and facilitate visualization of the nasal/pharyngeal membranes

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14
Q

are oral decongestants fast acting?

A

no delayed action as they have to be absorbed from GI tract but longer duration of action

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15
Q

what is rebound congestion?

A

it is associated with topical decongestants when they are overused and when taken off medication they have congestion still present

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16
Q

what are 3 examples of oral decongestants?

A

–Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
–Phenylephrine (no better than placebo in many trials)
–Ephedrine

17
Q

when may you not give oral decongestants to someone?

A

depends what medication they are on as some are CNS stimulants- so inc hr / bp- so not to hypertensives

18
Q

what are topical decongestants called? and how do they work?

A

Adrenergics–- Work by constricting blood vessels in upp resp tract- any nasal sec can drain better

19
Q

what are 2 examples of topical decongestants?

A

Oxymetazoline–Xylometazoline

20
Q

how do nasal steroids work and when may they be given?

A

Anti-inflammatory effect
–Work to turn off the immune system cellsinvolved in the inflammatory response
–Decreased inflammation results in decreased congestion
work for long term- hayfever that is seasonal

21
Q

what are two examples of nasal steroids?

A

Beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray (BeconaseHayfever)

•Fluticasone nasal spray (PirinaseHayfeverRelief)

22
Q

what are the potential abuses present with pseudoephridine and ephidine?

A

can be converted to meth

23
Q

what does the outer ear consist of?

A

pina ( what you can see) and ear canal-

24
Q

what does the middle ear consist of?

A
  • Middle ear= ear drum to ossicles( smallest bones in body)- sound waves will hit ear drum and vibrate- tipanic membrane
25
Q

what does the inner ear consist of?

A
  • Ustasion tube-

not sure

26
Q

what is Otitis media?

A

Middle ear inflammation
•It occurs in the area between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear
•It is one of the most common causes of earache•Often preceded by upper respiratory symptoms, including a cough and rhinorrhoea.
When the middle ear becomes acutely infected (bacterial, viral or fungal), pressure builds up behind the eardrum causing intense pain (otalgia), fever, hearing loss

27
Q

what are the treatments for oitis media?

A

Antibiotics are not necessarily useful for most children with acute otitis media
•Cochrane review found that antibiotics did not alter pain within the first day, only slightly reduced it in the few days following
Analgesics should be the mainstay of treatment
•Paracetamol preferred treatment -both adults & children.
•Ibuprofen

28
Q

are antihistamines and decongestants recommended for otitis media?

A

no- they do not work

29
Q

what is Otitis media with effusion?

A

Glue ear” inflammation of the middle ear accompanied by accumulation of fluid…blockage of the eustachian tube

30
Q

why may ptitis media with effusion be more serious in young children?

A

can lead to behavioural issues because inability to hear and inturprut info

31
Q

what is Otitis Externa also known as?

A

swimming ear- as thrives in moist environemnt

32
Q

what is the treatment for Otitis Externa?

A

Treat infection and return ear canal to healthy state–Dilute acetic acid (Earcalm)..useful if infection is superficial–Steroid drops and antibacterial drops (POM)

33
Q

what causes Pharyngitis/Acute tonsilitis?

A

Normally a symptom of a bacterial (group A streptococcus) or viral infection (EBV)

34
Q

what other symptoms may someone with a sore throat have?

A

–Headache–Muscle aches–Cough–Dysphagia

Inflammation (redness and swelling) and exudate in the throat

35
Q

how do you diagnose a throat problem?

A

Symptoms and examination
•PoC-Rapidstrep testinvolves swabbing thethroatand running ateston the swab. Thetestquickly shows if group Astrepis causing the illness allowing antibiotics

36
Q

what are some topical treatments for sore throats?

A

lozenges/throat sprays:–Menthol/local anaesthetics eglidocaine
•Mechanism of action:–local anaesthetic effect on nerve receptors in the pharynx
aim to numb throat/ lubricate

37
Q

what do lozenges contain?

A

Often also often contain hexylresorcinol or amylmetacresol which are antiseptic agents

38
Q

when do you refer a sore throat?

A

Most sore throats are self limiting and pass within 3-7 days
a persistent high temperature above 38°C not reduced by medication–symptoms do not improve after two weeks–Recurrent sore throats

39
Q

what can sore throat be another sign of?

A

–weakened immune system for example because of HIV and AIDS–take certain medications e.g. disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), cancer chemotherapy

PHA 223 (42 decks)

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