PUD Flashcards
What is the gastro intestinal system responsible for?
breakdown and digestion of foods, absorption of nutrients from foods and the removal of wastes
what does the GIS consist of?
gastro intestinal tract and accessory glands
tract= mouth/ ossiphageous/ stomach/ small and large intestine/ anus
assessory organs- liver/ pancreases and gallbladder
what does a cross section of GIT look like?
tube surrounded by mucosa (innermost), submucosa, muscalaris and serosa
what is dyspepsia?
upper GIT symptoms which are present for more than 4 weeks
what are the symptoms of dyspepsia?
upper abdominal pain or discomfort/ acid reflux/ heart burn/ nausea vomiting
what could symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn also be?
GURD
what symptoms require referal for dyspepsia?
- Weightloss
- Iron-deficiency anaemia
- GIbleeding
- Persistent vomiting
- Dysphagia
- Epigastricmass
what are ulcers?
they are open sores (leisons) on an epithelial tissue caused by superficial loss of tissue
where are ulcers found?
on the skin surface ( foot) or on mucus membranes such as the stomach or mouth
what are ulcers usually a result of?
arterial and venous disease (irregular blood flow and circulation)
what is a peptic ulcer?
it is a sore of the ailmentary canal mucosa- mucosa is exposed to gastric acid
it penetrates through the thick layers of the mucosa
where does a duodenal ulcer occur?
first part of the intestines after the pylorus of the stomach
what is the difference between gastric and duodenal ulcer?
duodenal :pain relieved by meal occurs 2/3 hr after meal dark stool gastric: pain inc by meal occurs 30-1 hour after meal not as common vomiting occurs
what is in the inner surface of the stomach?
lined by mucus membrane ( gastric mucosa )
this mucosa is covered by a thick layer of mucus
what is the role of gastric mucus?
lubrication
movement
protective layer over the epithelial lining against own enzymes
what are the types of gastric cells?
•Mucus- secreting cells ecretes gel forming mucin.
•Parietal cells secrete HCl, intrinsic factor ,bicarbonate ions.
•Chief cell produces and secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase.
•Delta-cell(D-cell) produces and secretes somatostatin, which acts directly and inhibits the acid-producing parietal cells
.•Gastrin cells (Gcells) secrete gastrin, which binds to CCK2 receptor on parietal cells and enterochromafin like cells (ECLcells)➔HCL secretion.
•ECL cell synthesizes and secretes histamine in response to stimulation by gastrin.
how does acid secretion work?
h+/k+ ATPase or proton pump
how is acid secretion controlled?
it is controlled through 3 types of receptors:
ACH is controlled by m3
histamine by H2
gastrin by CCK2
how is gastrin secretion from parietal cells regulated?
regulation of gastrin/ histamine/ ach/ somastatin
what inhibits gastric secretion?
somastatin and prostaglandins
where is somastatin secreted?
by the delta cells in the pylorium, duodeum and the pancreatic islets
what causes peptic ulcers?
1- hylercobacter pylori
2- NSAIDS
what are the risk factors of using NSAIDS?
history of peptic ulcers/ bleeding age -60+ co- admin of NSAIDs high doses NSAIDS treatment with anticoagulants or glucocortsteroids
what risk factors make you more susceptible for developing peptic ulcers?
family history
smoking
excessive alcohol use
