T2 2024 Flashcards
Primate cities
Jakarta, Mexico City, Bangkok is 42X larger than Nonthaburi
Ex colonial hubs
Manilla, Delhi, Beunos Aires
How many megacities in developing countries
34/42
Overcrowding
defined as too many people occupying too little space and competing for too few services and jobs.
Orangi Town, Karachi case study
stats and response
2.4M
Pop density: 48,000perkm2
- 8-10 people share two-bedroom households in many parts of Orangi Town
- 60% of 23 million pop live in informal settlements
Dharavi slums case study
Pop: 1,000,000
Pop density: 400,000perkm2
Mahilla Milan
a federation of female landless pavement dwellers works with issues such as housing, sanitation, and grassroots lending schemes.
* The loans granted by the group to its members in times of need
* Interest is 2% with flexible repayment options
* By 2001, there were 25,000 households in the scheme and 5,000 borrowers.
Rio case study housing
Pop: 13 million
Pop density 4700perkm2
23% of population lives in slums now
1 million people living in Rio in favelas
Residential settlements with more than 50 inhabitants
Favelas (rio)
highly consolidated residential spaces in invaded public and private land without infrastructure
* Over 500 favela communities within the city of Rio house just over 1/3 of the total population - growing at rate of 7.5% per year
Fast growing cities stats
Karachi
Karaci: 80% expansion in populaiotion from 2000 to 2010
Low median income stat
Dhaka: $3100
Bangkok: $23,000
General stat about mega city
8% of the global population lives in mega cities
General population density of mega cities with examples
2000 per km2
e.g. Karachi 25,000 per km2
Dharavi: 400,000 per km2 fit the space of 2 Sydney botanic gardens
How do challenges arise
key words
Unplanned, unregulated growth
Over urbanisation: more urban residents than the economies of cities can support
Lack of formal tax tayers: labour market cannot cope with poulation
General housing stats
1/4 worlds urban population lives in slums
Current housing gap 330M, expected to increase by 1/3 by 2025
200,000 urban slums in the world
Ornagi town response to housing
Orangi Pilot Project
construction of 93,000 houses
made by 3 pakistani NGOs
literacy rate increased
Rio favelas stats
13million
1.2 million live infavelas
Earn less than 2 dollars a day
Rocinha largest favela in Brazil built on steep hill
23% of pop live in slums
Settlements hold more than 50 people
Favelas growing 7.5%
500 communities favelas
Response to rio favelas
Favela Bairro project
- funded $180 mil
- helped 253 000 residents, 73 communities
- benefits: higher standard of living, literacy rates, average household incoe,e, decreased gang violence, morality rates,
better tenure security and ownership of housing
employment general stats
unemployment rates up to 30-40% in mega cities
due to 15-30 year old population with lack of skills
40% of urban households in Africa are living in poverty
Delhi: 66% informally employed
Lagos, Nigeria: 66% informlly employed
e.g. informal jobs begging and prostitution
employment points
Unemployment: disequilibrium in migration process, constraints on job search, skills deficiencies, rapid growth
Underemployment: trapped in low paid, informal jobs, young migrants expecially, social disparities in income
Dharavi responses to employment
Total turnover of informal economy is 1B dollars
5000 businesses and microenterprises, 15,000 single room factories
60% of mumbai’s plastic waste is recycle in Dharavi –> employs 250,000 people
60 primary schools, 13 secondary schools, 8 private schools build within slum
Export goods: luxury brands, Zara, Armani to Europe, Middle East, US
Per capita 500-2000 dollars per year
power supply general stats
40% of mega cities lack access to energy –> bad on education, production
800M without access in South Asia
Mumbai: 10/100 connetions illegal
Power supply points
supply limited due to inadequate infratructure, natural disasters, dependence on fossil fuels , inefficent power plants, lack of diversification
access to electricity grown as result of urbanisation
96% of urban areas have access –> uneven due to challenges in growing cities
Power supply response
Self help project called Liter for Light in Manilla
grass root movement
intalling 35,000 bottle litghts in more than 15 countries, trasfer skills to others in Bandladesh, brazil
Cheap alternative with bottle with water, bleach, reflects sunlight
Evaluation
- 12-16 hours of light, helps people work longer, easy to implement
