T2 2024 Flashcards
Primate cities
Jakarta, Mexico City, Bangkok is 42X larger than Nonthaburi
Ex colonial hubs
Manilla, Delhi, Beunos Aires
How many megacities in developing countries
34/42
Overcrowding
defined as too many people occupying too little space and competing for too few services and jobs.
Orangi Town, Karachi case study
stats and response
2.4M
Pop density: 48,000perkm2
- 8-10 people share two-bedroom households in many parts of Orangi Town
- 60% of 23 million pop live in informal settlements
Dharavi slums case study
Pop: 1,000,000
Pop density: 400,000perkm2
Mahilla Milan
a federation of female landless pavement dwellers works with issues such as housing, sanitation, and grassroots lending schemes.
* The loans granted by the group to its members in times of need
* Interest is 2% with flexible repayment options
* By 2001, there were 25,000 households in the scheme and 5,000 borrowers.
Rio case study housing
Pop: 13 million
Pop density 4700perkm2
23% of population lives in slums now
1 million people living in Rio in favelas
Residential settlements with more than 50 inhabitants
Favelas (rio)
highly consolidated residential spaces in invaded public and private land without infrastructure
* Over 500 favela communities within the city of Rio house just over 1/3 of the total population - growing at rate of 7.5% per year
Fast growing cities stats
Karachi
Karaci: 80% expansion in populaiotion from 2000 to 2010
Low median income stat
Dhaka: $3100
Bangkok: $23,000
General stat about mega city
8% of the global population lives in mega cities
General population density of mega cities with examples
2000 per km2
e.g. Karachi 25,000 per km2
Dharavi: 400,000 per km2 fit the space of 2 Sydney botanic gardens
How do challenges arise
key words
Unplanned, unregulated growth
Over urbanisation: more urban residents than the economies of cities can support
Lack of formal tax tayers: labour market cannot cope with poulation
General housing stats
1/4 worlds urban population lives in slums
Current housing gap 330M, expected to increase by 1/3 by 2025
200,000 urban slums in the world
Ornagi town response to housing
Orangi Pilot Project
construction of 93,000 houses
made by 3 pakistani NGOs
literacy rate increased
Rio favelas stats
13million
1.2 million live infavelas
Earn less than 2 dollars a day
Rocinha largest favela in Brazil built on steep hill
23% of pop live in slums
Settlements hold more than 50 people
Favelas growing 7.5%
500 communities favelas
Response to rio favelas
Favela Bairro project
- funded $180 mil
- helped 253 000 residents, 73 communities
- benefits: higher standard of living, literacy rates, average household incoe,e, decreased gang violence, morality rates,
better tenure security and ownership of housing
employment general stats
unemployment rates up to 30-40% in mega cities
due to 15-30 year old population with lack of skills
40% of urban households in Africa are living in poverty
Delhi: 66% informally employed
Lagos, Nigeria: 66% informlly employed
e.g. informal jobs begging and prostitution
employment points
Unemployment: disequilibrium in migration process, constraints on job search, skills deficiencies, rapid growth
Underemployment: trapped in low paid, informal jobs, young migrants expecially, social disparities in income
Dharavi responses to employment
Total turnover of informal economy is 1B dollars
5000 businesses and microenterprises, 15,000 single room factories
60% of mumbai’s plastic waste is recycle in Dharavi –> employs 250,000 people
60 primary schools, 13 secondary schools, 8 private schools build within slum
Export goods: luxury brands, Zara, Armani to Europe, Middle East, US
Per capita 500-2000 dollars per year
power supply general stats
40% of mega cities lack access to energy –> bad on education, production
800M without access in South Asia
Mumbai: 10/100 connetions illegal
Power supply points
supply limited due to inadequate infratructure, natural disasters, dependence on fossil fuels , inefficent power plants, lack of diversification
access to electricity grown as result of urbanisation
96% of urban areas have access –> uneven due to challenges in growing cities
Power supply response
Self help project called Liter for Light in Manilla
grass root movement
intalling 35,000 bottle litghts in more than 15 countries, trasfer skills to others in Bandladesh, brazil
Cheap alternative with bottle with water, bleach, reflects sunlight
Evaluation
- 12-16 hours of light, helps people work longer, easy to implement
Water supply general
27% of urban dwellers in developing world have no access to piped water at home
Urban poor pay up to 50X more than rich
14/20 world’s megacities now experincing water scarcity or drought conditions
Water supply in Mexico City
21M people
40% of city’s water lost due to leaking pipes
Due to depleiting aquifer -> city is sinking 1m per year
People not connected to city network rely on buying water per L
Taps turn on twice a week
Overexploitation fo aquifers and groundwater systems
Response to water supply in Mexico city
Isla Urbana NGO
rainwater harvesting
collects and cleans rainwater for ouseholds, schools, health clinics
Inexpesive, purfication tech in houses installed
Guarantees 40,000L drinking water per year
Can store water too
Evaluation
75 million L of water saved since start
Sanitation general stats
2.2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water
673 defecate in the open
10% of global pop eat food irrgated by waste water
Improvements could prevent deaths of 297,000 children aged under 5 per year
Mumbai sanitation stats
generates 2700,3000 million literes of sewage everyday
3/4 slums in Mumbai are dependent on public toilets
1 in 20 defecate in open areas –> 6% of slum population
Waterborne diseased: chloera, typhoid, diarrhoae accounts for 83% of deaths in Mumbai
42% dont have septic tanks or connection to pipe networks
response to mumbai sanitation
Slum Sanitaion program
world bank financed
cost 295 million USD
constucted sanitiation facilities to meet growing deperate needs
Evalusation
construced 328 toilet blocks, more than 5,100 toilet seats in slums across mumbai
caters needs of 250,000 peeople
hard to contruct as slums are on private, mixed or government land, hard to maintain toilet blocks
traffic in jakarta stats
3.5M/day commute by car
70% air pollution comes from vehicles
Responses to traffic jakarta
Low Cost green car
offering xero deposits and low interest on small engine cars
Evalusation
–> slow progress but not enough
Suburbanisation
Continual development of housing in suburbs sprawling outwards from the outskirts of major cities.
Exurbanisation
Move to a semi-rural area which is still connected to a large city.
Counter-urbanisation
Relocation of people and employment from large urban centres to smaller urban centres, regional and rural areas.
Decentralisation
A government policy which aims to reduce the concentration of businesses, services and population in major city centres, and to increase population size in small regional centres.
Urban consolidation
A government policy which attempts to reduce urban sprawl by increasing the population density in an area.
Urban decay
Deterioration of existing buildings and subsequent degradation of surrounding areas.
Urban renewal
Redevelopment of run-down areas.
Urban village
Generally characterised by a mix of residential, recreational and commercial zoning.
Spatial exclusion
Most pronounced in developments designed for the urban elite.
Largest scale map means
Zoomed in
Smallest scale map means
Zoomed out
Why use VE
To see the stretch of the cross section
Ecosystems found on a map
Intertidal wetland, temperate forest, coastal dune
London facts
Population: 8.6 million
51°30N and O
1,578km2
80km west to east (Heathrow to Tilbury)
70km North to East
Contained within M25 ring road
Example of urban renewal in London
Docklands, 3km east from CBD
22km2 of decay from relocation of shipping to Tilbury
New financial distrinct
$3900 funding
2000 new homes, 2.2metres2 office space
e.g. Murchoch Printing Press relocated to Canary Ward towers, HSBC
How many boroughs in Greater London
32
Example of urban villages in London
Brent in inner east: 45% indian
Lambeth in south west of city: 13% caribean
Goldscreek: Jewish
Nightridge: Arabs
Kingcross/Soho: LGBTQ gay cultures
300 languages spoken and 1/8 non white ethnicity
Prone to racism
Examples of exurbanisation in London
migration of professionals to city of highly concentrated APSs
move to Tambridge (south), Aylesbury (north), Surry, Kent
Commute 3-4 hours daily thorugh 18 train lines
Semi-rural villages attract wealthy for better quality of life
Structure for comparision world cities and mega cities
Intro (seperate paragraphs, C)
Spatial distrbution (seperate, C)
Globalisation, tech advancement (C)
Character (seperate, C)
Growth, provision of g&s (C)
Employment, economy (C)
Economic authority stats
London:
- 3rd largest stock exchnage (5.8 t)
HSBC largest EU bank (2t)
2/5 HQ of Top 500 businesses in EU
60% of HQ of top 50 law firms in UK
SanFran:
- 30 of Fortune 100 top company HQ like Google, Apple
1.3 venture capital of US
start up companies
Beijing
3/4 of highest revenue generating companies, earning less than 1 trillion
largest no. HQs at 52 Fortune 100 HQs
New York:
2 largest stock exchanges
NYSE (22.6t)
NASTAQ (12t)
Cultural authority stats
Boston already know
Paris
140 million tourists a year in 12 billion revenue
130 museums, Lourve, Musee d’Orsay
Lourve largest and most visted globally
8 million anual visitors
120 flights per hour
80 million passengers each year
New york times (NY)
BBC news (London)
India Times (mumbai)
