T1 2024 Flashcards
Nundle: location
village in the New England region of NSW
South east of Tamworth
Nundle: population size
482 people
2011: 598 people
2016: 483 showing population decline of 19.2% in the area
Nundle: schools, stats on attendence
Nundle public school and Nuncle CwA Preschool
No Catholic or independent schools
In Nundle 27.2% of people were attending an educational institution
Of these 34.7% were in primary school, 14.5% in secondary school and 5.6% in a tertiary or technical institution
9.6% reported to complete Year 12
Nundle: purpose/background
Crystals, historic mining village
Nundle: median age
55
Nundle: facilities
post office, general store, schools, bus services to Tamworth secondary schools, police station.
Tamworth: location
NW regional NSW. 5-hour drive from Sydney
Situates on the Peel River
Tamworth: population
64,000
Tamworth: median age
39
Tamworth: schools
14 government schools and 9 non-government schools (Anglican, Catholic, etc.)
Tamworth: economy
primarily a service centre for the New England and Northwest regions
- Provides services to 200,000 and more people from Tamworth region and satellite areas.
- Industries with the most businesses are agriculture and construction, then finance and insurance services –> diverse economy.
- Agriculture contributes $75M to Tamworth economy
Tamworth: retail
largest and main retail centre for New England and Northwest regions of NSW.
- 22.5% of working population –> largest employer.
- Many shopping centres located in Tamworth CBD
National brands, e.g. Coles, Kmart, Aldi, Woolworths, etc
Tamworth: tourism
- Worth $239M annually significant industry.
- Australia’s country music festival –> Tamworth Country Music Festival
- “First Town of Lights” (first to use electric street lights).
- Equine and sporting horse events
Tamworth: transport
airport –> daily flights to Sydney
Train –> to Sydney and Armidale
NYSE value
$22.6 t
NASDAQ value
$12 t
London Stock Exchange value
3rd largest
$5.8 t
Stats on London economic authority
companies
law firms
bank
2/5 of 250 largest companies in the world with European HQ have one in London
60% of the top 100 law firms HQed in UK are based in London
HSBC- largest bank in EU = 2.37T
Stats on Boston cultural authority
One of world’s most prominent acedemic hubs
35 colleges (MIT and Harvard)
Harvard Libary: world’s largest library (20.4M items)
facilitates for the migration of people, creates skilled high quality workforce, increases city’s productivity
Stats on media for cultural authority
Influential media organisations such as:
New York Times (NY)
India Times (Mumbai) 4th largest
BBC News (London)
Stats on tourism in Paris cultural authority
tourists
passengers
flights
museums
largest museum
fashion
15.45M foreign tourists in 2016 –> 12B revenue
Approx 80M passengers per year
120 flights per hour
130 museums
Louvre is world’s largest and most visited art gallery –> 7.8million/year
Paris fashion week –> 1.3 B USD
Stats on San Fran economic authority
Silicon Valley locates world’s largest high-tech corporations,
HQs of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune 1000 like Google and Apple
startup companies.
accounts for 1/3 of all of the venture capital investment in US
Examples of physical connectivity
The Underground in London
270 stations, 1.35 billion annual passengers
Optic fibre networks send information (60 milliseconds) between cities
Over 95% of online data sent through these cables, serves as infrastructural matrix, maintains productivity of world cities
Example of immaterial connections
Local financial shocks and events cna amplify into global events e.g. GFC
operation of global network diagram between alpha, beta, gamma cities
Why global networks connected
Physical geography and heritage of dominance
Economic dominance
Increasingly digitised products and HQ functions
Degree of hard and soft infrastructure for communication
Dominance
The amount of control some ubran places exert over the other urban places and the spatial extent of that control
Dependence
The reliance of national cities and less powerful world cities on dominant global cities for their supply of people, goods, services ideas and information.
Primate city
major city that works as the financial, political and population centre of a country
Why is Sydney dominant
27/50 Aus’s largest corporations have their head offices in Sydney (16 in Melbourne)
A principle centre for smaller, Aus-controlled businesses
A principle financial centre as countries locate trading, marketing and financial companies there
Absorbs functions of state capitals and other ubran centres
New role of regional centres
Due to globalisaiton, increasingly dominanting over rural interior
Greater linkages to WC through trade and decision making
Diversified economic base of employment and services
greater role in dissimenting information
Growth of regional centres
decentralisation
Economic restructuring
Globalisation and SST
Sponge cities for small town demise
NPP of alpine
NPP of kelp
35g/m2
1900g/m2
Himalayas stats and shape
600,000km2
8848m
Lat: 27 degrees N
Tectonic action –> sharp and steep in Himalayas
KNP location, stats, shape
Southern end of Great Dividing Range in Australian Alps
100 km2
1800m
Latitude: 36° S
Undulating plateaus, fragmented by deep-river valleys.
Glaciation of KNP has produced…
Blue Lake and Club Lake.
examples for hydrosphere and bisphere in alpine
bogs and ferns –> wetland enetaion communities that have role in slow release of snow melt
spagnum moss –> absorbs 20X its own mass in water
invasive species in alpine
brumbies created gullies through the peatlands, draining them of moisture. increased turbidity in streams, trampled vegetation, and created manure piles acting as ‘invasion windows’ for exotic plants.
alpine plant species stat
204 species of native plants (21 are endemic; 3 species are considered vulnerable; most are cold climate specialists)
natural stresses and human impacts of alpine
NS: bushfires
HI: grazing, tourism
Modification examples alpine
MPP: hibernation, sleep 2 weeks, eat, sleep 4 months
Bogong moth: aestivation to escape summer heat, behavioural, hide from predators
Pineapple Grass: fire retardant for bushfires
Rate for change for alpine
bushfire 2020
1/3 of KNP was burnt.
Fire destroyed Plum Pine –> food source of MPP.
MPP loss of habitat population decline.
Human impact stats alpine
Climate change
Brumbies
Tourism
40% less snow cover in spring compared to 1950s.
* Changing migration of Bogong moth –> earlier in spring –> MPP misses out
20,000 wild horses in 2020
* Grazing: 60% of alpine damaged by tramping –> bogs and fens.
KNP annual visitors exceed 3 million
Perisher: produces 5x rubbish and use 7x more water than day visitors
* 40% of MPP population occur within the ski resort, e.g. Blue Cow.
HUGIT alpine
H: Seasonal Aboriginal use, KNP Monaro tribe
U: 3 million tourists per year, Hydroelectric scheme for SE Australia (generates 1/3 of renewable energy)
G: Unique adaptations, fire retardant
I: Highest point in Australia, commodification of beauty
T: * Low biodiversity and slow to regenerate, succession lead to adaptions
traditional management alpine
Manaroo tribe seasonal migration for hunting/gathering –take limits
Contempoary management alpine
Approx. 50% of KNP is protected as Wilderness Zone (preservation).
- No commercial development
- Signage for visitors to stay on tracks, raised walkways allows plants to grow beneath.
- No camping near glacial lakes and catchments. .
Kelp stats
declining globally
location
Declining at an average of 2% per year (globally).
in 23 countries
GSR stats
how long
live near it
A unique temperate marine ecosystem, with 77% of endemic species.
8100km long
70% of Australians live within 50km
natural stresses kelp
storms and wave action: ECLows, nutrient upwelling, damage kelp
invasion: Tasmanian kelp declined 90% last 50 years due to sea urchins, 50% of GSR will be lost in next 1-2 decades
ENSO: 2-year heat wave (2011) triggered kelp forest diebacks in 2300km2 and functional extinction in north 100km
Global examples of rateof change kelp
89% of East-coast Canada’s kelp has been lost since 1982.
Norwegian coast: 80% lost since 2002.
Human impacts kelp
Climate change: Ocean has absorbed more than 90% of the heat:
- 30% of CO2 from human activities –> ocean acidification
Introduced species: northern pacific sea star
- composed 54% of fish biomass in Port Phillip Bay, prodcues 20 million eggs
Urban runoff: Until 1990, beaches poluted with 1 billionL/day of untreated sewage, crayweed kelp collapsed
HUGIT kelp
H: In Japan, kelp is a part of diet and culture as early as 3000 BC, Importance to 42 Indigenous communities
U: Account for more than 30% of total blue carbon stored, $10B to Australia’s GDP
G: 85% of temperate fish, 95% of molluscs, 90% of sea stars
I: Recreational activity, 70% leave near
T: - Very under researched and underfunded in comparison to coral.
Traditional management kelp
Midden: occupation site where Aboriginal people left the remains of their meals –> tells next visiting group what was harvested
Contemporary management kelp
local/regional
global
Zoning (Marine Parks),
Example: Bateman Bay’s MP: 2007
- 850km2
- Sanctuary zones (no-take)
- Recreational fishing: over 80%
-Commercial fishing is limited: 50%.
Ballast Water Management Convention (BWM)
* A treaty adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to help prevent the spread of invasive species in ships’ ballast water.
