2023 T4

Question 1

kelp forests statement

Answer 1

kelp forests can be defined as subtidal strands of large brown macroalgae that modify their physical environment to create distinct environmental conditions and habitats

Question 2

natural stresses for kelp

Answer 2

ENSO (changing temp, droughts, floods), storm and wave action, invasion of species (urchin outbreaks)

Question 3

human impacts of kelp

Answer 3

climate change
1. marine heat waves
2. Kelp bleaching
3. tropicalisation and urchin barrens
overfishing
introduced species
urban runoff (sewage, stormwater)

Question 4

kelp bleaching statement

Answer 4

results in the whitening of the macroalgae caused by a loss of pigments

Question 5

tropicalisation of new species statement

Answer 5

Tropical species increase in abundance and expand their ranges poleward in response to rising temperatures

Question 6

overfishing statement

Answer 6

occurs when the balance of the eocsystems is altered by overfishing (torphic cascade)

Question 7

urban runoff statement (stormwater and sewerage)

Answer 7

Localised pollution including nitrogen enrichent from discharge of sewage and stormwater

Question 8

Climate change management (kelp)

Answer 8

habitat restoration (super kelp breeding program, biotech, OARs)
Paris Climate Agreement

Question 9

Overfishing management (kelp)

Answer 9

ecological restoration of keystone species, legislation to preserve habitat and reduce overfishing 9laws, permits)

Question 10

Introduced species management (kelp)

Answer 10

Citizen science (reef watch), ballast water management convention

Question 11

Urban runoff management (kelp)

Answer 11

zoning, native titles and indigenous rangers

Question 12

traditional management for kelp

Answer 12

seasonal exploitation, restriction on harvesting, ceremonies to nourish land, middens

Question 13

Native title Act 1993

Answer 13

The recognition of Indigenous people’s traditional rights and interests in land and waters held under traditional laws and custom
not allowing for commercial use

Question 14

alphine ecosystem statement

Answer 14

biophysical environments above the climaitc limit of trees

Question 15

functioning of alphine

Answer 15

slow cycling of nutrients (low biodiveristy, slow growth)
low energy flows (low insolation, short growing season)

Question 16

spatial patterns statement (alphine)

Answer 16

decrease in altitude with increased latitude as a result of colder climate closer to the poles

Question 17

biophysical interactions (alphine)

Answer 17

weather and climte (harsh temp, preciitaion and wind)
geomorphic and hydrologic (altitude, orographic rainfall, slope gradient, aspect, river valleys)
biogeographical (succession, vertical zonation)
adjustment to natural stresses (adaptions, cold climate specialists, fire)

Question 18

orogrpahic rainfall

Answer 18

produced when moist air is lifted as it moves over a mountain range

Question 19

biodiveristy in alphine

Answer 19

bogs, fens
sphagnum moss absorbss 20x their mass in water

Question 20

natural stresses (alphine)

Answer 20

frost, wind, drought, weather extremes, storms, fire
2002 drought brought El nino fires

Question 21

modifications to natural stresses alpine

Answer 21

leaving seeds to be dormant
snow daises are fire retardant
fire cannot exceed 50m from treeline

Question 22

human impacts to alpine

Answer 22

introduced species, tourism climate change

Question 23

bushfire impact alpine
drought
storm
tourism
climate change

Answer 23

58% vegetation burnt (2003)
2002 elnino 990mm
140 lightnings ingited 60day fires
3 million annual visitors
30% delcine in snow cover since 1954

Question 24

traditional management alpine

Answer 24

seaosnal hutning/gathering, ceremonies, stewardship, totems, MOU

Question 25

contemporary management aphine

Answer 25

zoning, threatened species protection (captive breeding program), sutainable tourism, conservation legislation, technology, pest management, fire management