T1 - Case studies Flashcards
CS-1.1
When was China’s population policy implemented and what were its effects?
-1CP from 1979-2015
-sped up process of transitioning from NIC>MEDC
-smaller workforce for future dependents
-narrowed pop. pyramid for that period of time
-fertility rate decreased (5.7-1.3, below 2.1 replacement)
CS1.1
What were some exceptions to the 1CP?
-rural families could have a 2nd if the 1st was a girl to prevent female gendercide (acts as an incentive to keep the girl)
-ethnic minorities could have more due to their limited pop.
CS-1.1
Give 2 punishments if someone didn’t follow the rules of the 1CP:
-fines in the 1000’s
-forced sterilisations/abortions
CS-1.1
Give some stats about Bangladesh:
-165 million pop.
-1100 per km^2
CS-1.1
Name some specific problems in Bangladesh caused by overpopulation:
-lack of treatment and clean water facilities, so people forced to use arsenic-contaminated water
-traffic congestion (^air pollution)
-deforestation for firewood
-over-farming because of resource shortages
CS-1.1
Why is Canada underpopulated?
-cold climate so low crop yield + harder to work for long hours
->40% is uninhabitable forested land + protected national parks (less space for housing)
-larger cities are further apart (harder to access oppurtunities/services, trade/transport issues)
CS-1.1
Give some stats about Canada’s population and how it is changing:
-35 million pop. with 4 people/km²
-1.2% annual growth
-1.6 fertility rate (<2.1)
-encourages 250,000 migrants per year
CS-1.1
Where does Canada mainly get its resources from?
-Whitehorse (gold)
-Yellowknife (gold/diamonds)
-Edmonton (oil sands, sand mixed with bitumen)
CS-1.1
What issues does Canada have due to underpopulation?
-smaller workforce (high dep. ratio, costly, less are taxed, worse services)
-net exporter of energy (could support more people)
-large base of natural resources that aren’t being sold
CS-1.1
Give some stats about Niger’s population:
-20 million pop.
-3.8% annual growth
-6.8 fertility rate
CS-1.1
Why does Niger have a high population growth?
Give the reasons specific to Niger, not the general ones
-polygamy
-larger distances between towns (harder/more expensive to access hospitals, ^deaths, so ^birth rate)
CS-1.1
Give an example of the cities that are far apart in Niger:
-Niamey (capital, largest city)
-Maradi (2nd largest)
-over 500km between them
CS1.1
How was China’s 1CP used to influence the growth rate of the population?
-it was an anti-natalist policy
-financial rewards and incentives if the family only had 1 child
-mandatory birth control (eg IUDs)
-social pressures, as people were encouraged to report others who had broken the rules
CS-1.2
How were Poland/UK affected by migration?
Poland
-loss of labour (brain drain)
-less people taxed (worse services)
UK
-boosted economy
-social tension over migration
-strains on services (schools/hospitals)
CS-1.2
Give some push factors from Poland give relevant stats (4):
-20% unemployment
-very low wages with no minimum (1/3 of UK average)
-housing shortages (300 houses per 1000)
-lack of oppurtunities
CS-1.2
Name some pull factors to the UK (5):
-lower unemployment (5%)
-higher wages with a minimum
-^jobs/skill demand
-good currency exchange rate (Poland>UK), so immigrants can earn more and send it back to Poland
-free/unlimited migration to other EU countries
CS-1.2
What were the impacts of migration on Boston, Lincolnshire?
-wage compression - 25% less due to ^no. of workers
-local housing shortage, so ^rent
(v. bad combo)
-caused 75% to vote Leave in Brexit, as original citizens wanted to after seeing the impacts of migration
CS-1.3
Give some stats of the UK related to the elderly dependents:
-10 million over 65s, expected to double by 2050
-life expectancy to be 90 by 2030
CS-1.3
What are the challenges faced by the UK caused by a high dependency ratio?
-50% welfare spending goes to state pensions (£3 billion/year)
->85s spend 3x more on NHS than the >65s
-more dependents, less working, less tax revenue
CS-1.3
How can the UK solve the problems caused by a high dependency?
-family benefits for children (^future work force)
-raise retirement age
-reduce welfare payments (pensions/social care)
-improve health so people are healthier in later life
-increase employment so more tax revenue collected
CS-1.4
Why do most people live on the east coast of Brazil? Give some exceptions:
-historic trade routes with Europe
-milder climate
-flat, non-forested land
(exceptions - Manaus, Brasilia (3 mill.))
CS-1.4
Draw the distribution of the population in Brazil:
draw
CS-1.4
Describe the structure of Brazil’s cities:
-Griffin-Ford model
-nicer housing in centre, worse as you go out
-shanty towns on outside
CS-1.5
Give an example of an out-of-town shopping centre, and its site:
-Fosse Park, opening 1989 on 50-acre greenfield site
-it was cheap land, and had room for expansion (2017, bought the Everard’s brewery to expand into)
CS-1.5
Describe the main features that Fosse Park offers, and its popularity:
-10 million shoppers per year
-3000 parking spaces (and electric car chargers)
-30 high order retailers (M&S (anchor store), Currys, DFS)
CS-1.5
What is Fosse Park’s significance? Describe its situation:
-one of Britain’s largest out-of-town shopping centres with a large SOI (people come from Coventry/Nottingham)
-situated on the southern edge of Leicester’s rural-urban fringe, near Enderby
-close to M1 with a good bus service to the city centre
CS-1.6
Describe the site and situation of Seoul, and how it has developed:
-capital of South Korea with 10 million people
-surrounded by mountains + Hangang river flows through it (less than 50% of land there can be developed)
-GDP has grown rapidly in past 50 years to over 400x, to $34,000 per capita
CS-1.6
What are the side-effects from Seoul’s rapid growth?
-water pollution (sewage dumped in Hangang river)
-inequality (suffering from urban sprawl)
-housing shortage (can’t be built on mountainous terrain)
-congestion (old central roads are too small)
CS-1.7
Describe the population in a rapidly growing urban area in an LEDC:
-Cairo, Egypt (LEDC)
-population doubled to 20 million since 1976, due to large gap between birth (30 per 1000) and death rate (7 per 1000)
CS-1.7
Describe the settlement and growth characteristics of Cairo:
-grown due to it being the capital, and a primate city (disproportionately bigger compared to those near it, eg 10x bigger than Alexandria)
-urban sprawl is seen, and is expanding into the desert out to the Pyramids
-80% of the housing is informal, attracts people from all over Egypt for work
-large factories are still in Cairo attracting workers, but adds to air pollution
