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A&P 2! > T1 > Flashcards

T1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the endocrine system purpose? (3)

A

regulates and controls metabolic processes

  • helps maintain body homeostasis
  • serves as one of two MAJOR control systems of the body
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2
Q

The endocrine glands make and secrete what?

A

hormones

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3
Q

How are the hormones transported through the body?

A

released into the blood and transported through the body

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4
Q

What are target cells in the endocrine system?

A

cells with specific receptor for a hormone

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5
Q

Target cells are also called ______ which fxns as what?

A

bind hormone, initiates or inhibits selective cell activity

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6
Q

What features are different from the nervous system? (6)

A

– Hormones transported within blood to target cells
– Causes metabolic changes in target cells
– Target any cells with receptors
– Exhibit longer reaction times
– More widespread effects throughout the body
– Longer-lasting effects (minutes to days and weeks)

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7
Q

What are the 4 fxn of the endo system?

A
  • maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
  • controlling reproductive activities
  • Regulating development, growth and metabolism, controlling digestive progesses
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8
Q

What is the composition of endocrine cells?

A
  • secretory endocrine cells
  • derived from epithelium with connective tissue framework
  • high extensive blood supply which helps with uptake of hormones
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9
Q

What are the two organizations of organs within the system?

A

single organ with endocrine function

- cells in small clusters in organs with another function

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10
Q

Endocrine organs (single) include?(5)

A 
pituitary gland
• pineal gland
• thyroid gland
• parathyroid glands
• adrenal glands
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11
Q

Pineal gland secretes what hormone? which is responsible for what?

A

melatonin, circadian rhythm

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12
Q

Which other hormone does the pineal gland affect? what does that hormone effect?

A

the synthesis of the hypothalmic hormone

  • responsible for synthesis of the hypothalmic hormone
  • involved in regulation of the reproductive system
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13
Q

The parathyroid has which two cell types?

A

-cheif cells and oxphil cells

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14
Q

Chief cells do what 3 things?

A

– source of parathyroid hormone
– released in response to decreased blood calcium levels
– return blood calcium to normal levels

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15
Q

What’s the fxn of oxphil cells?

A

fxn unknown

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16
Q

Endocrine cells iwthin other organs include?

A
  • hypothalamus, skin, thymus
  • heart, liver, stomach
  • pancreas, small intestine
  • kidneys, gonads
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17
Q

What are the three types of stimulation for the endocrine reflexes?

A

hormonal, humoral or nervous

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18
Q

Hormonal stimulation is?

A

1 part of body releases one hormone that hormone stimulates another part of the body to release a specific hormone

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19
Q

Humoral stimulation?

A

release of a hormone in response to changes in level of nutrient or ion in the blood

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20
Q

Nervous stimulation is?

A

release of a hormone in respone to stimulation by the nervous system (ex: norepenephrine and epinephrine aka adrenaline)

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21
Q

Steroid hormones are (soluble wise)

A

lipid soluble molecules synthesized form clestrol

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22
Q

Protein hormones are (soluble wise)

A

water souble

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23
Q

How are water-soluble hormones transported?

A

they readily dissolve

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24
Q

How are lipid soluble hormones transported

A

they require carrier molecules “ferrys”

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25
Q

Some lipid soluble carrier molecules are selective which means

A

that they bind only one lipid soluble molecule

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26
Q

How are hormones regulated

A

between synthesis and elimination

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27
Q

Increased hormone synthesis occurs when

A

increased blood levels

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28
Q

What are the hormone elimination routes (4)

A
  • enzymic degradation in livier cells
  • removal from blood via kidneys
  • removal of blood by uptake into target cells
  • increased elimination leading to decreased blood levels
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29
Q

Half life:

A

time necessary to reduce concentration to half of original level (shorter half life more frequent replacement)

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30
Q

Do water soluble hormones or lipid soluble hormones have a longer half life?

A

lipid soluble hormones have a longer half life

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31
Q

lipid soluble hormones are what size and are polar or non polar?

A

small nonpolar

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32
Q

because lipid soluble hormones are non polar how do they get across the plasma membrane?

A

able to diffuse across the plasma memberane

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33
Q

When a lipid soluble binds to intracellular receptors in the cytosol or nucleus what does it form

A

hormone receptor complex

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34
Q

hormone response elements in lipid soluble hormones are

A
  • regions of chromatin within nucleus

- areas wher complex binds

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35
Q

lipid soluble hormone i nteractions results in what

A

transcription of mRNA

  • translation resulting in protein synthesis
  • may result in alteration in cell structure
  • may result in shift of target cells’ metabolic activity
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36
Q

b/c water soluble hormones are polar how do they cross the plasma membrane

A
  • initatte a series of biochemical events , signal transduction pathway
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37
Q

the signal trandcution pathway is initated by what

A

the hormone, the first messenger

38
Q

In the signal trandsduction pathway what results in the formation of the second molecule, what does this molecule do

A

docking, termed second messenger which modifies some cellular activity

39
Q

What is a G protein? inactive/active states, what activates it?

A
  • internal plasma membrane protein complex
    inactive = GDP
    active = GTP
  • activated by binding of hormone
40
Q

Adenylate Cyclase is

A

a plasma membrane protein bound and activated by g protein, increases formation of second messenger cAMP from ATP
- cAMP activates protein kinase which results in activation or inhibition of molecules

41
Q

What are the actions of water-soluble hormones

A

multiple results possible from hormone activation

ex: activation or inhibition of enxymatic pathways- stimulation of growth through cellular reproduction
- results dependend on hormone, messenger types and enzymes phosphorylated

42
Q

The water soluble hormone glucagon is

A

released from pancreatic cells in response to low blood glucose leveles
- glucose released from liver cells

43
Q

The water soluble hormone oxytocin is

A

released from posterior pituitary during childbirth

- causes stronger uterine muscle contractions to expel baybay

44
Q

What are the three types of interactions with receptor cells

A

synergistic, permissive, antagonistic

45
Q

Synergistic reactions are

A

activity of one hormone reinforcing activity of another hormone

46
Q

Permissive interactions are

A

activity of one hormone requiring second hormone

47
Q

Antagonistic interactions are

A

activity of one homrone opposing effects of another

48
Q

Steps of nutrient metabolism

Glucose, fatty acids, and some amino acids

A

• “nutrients”
• oxidized by cells to provide energy to form ATP
• circulate in the blood in their simple form
• glucose stored within glycogen
• fatty acids stored within triglycerides
• liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle
– nutrients “deposited” and “withdrawn” here

49
Q

Nutrient processing in the liver includes (3 things)

A

– Glycogenesis
– Glycogenolysis
– Gluconeogenesis

50
Q

Glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen from blood glucose

• also active in muscle cell

51
Q

Glycogenolysis

A
  • breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose

* also in muscle cells, but used locall

52
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

53
Q

• Nutrient processing in adipose tissue include

A

– Lipogenesis

– Lipolysis

54
Q

Lipogenesis

A

synthesis of triglycerides from blood fatty acids and glycerol
• for storage

55
Q

Lipolysis

A
  • breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

* released into blood

56
Q

Nutrient processing in all cells, especially muscle include

A
  • Protein anabolism

– Protein catabolism

57
Q

Protein anabolism

A

protein synthesis

• stimulated with increased uptake of amino acids from blood

58
Q

Protein catabolism

A
  • protein degradation
  • not generally broken down for fuel
  • may be broken down during stress or starvation
59
Q

In the endocrine system the hypothalmus does what

A

Influences or controls many endocrine glands
– Has direct control over hormone release from pituitary gland
– Has indirect control over hormone release from:
• thyroid and adrenal glands
• liver, testes, and ovaries

60
Q

In the endocrine system the pituitary gland does what

A

Lies inferior to the hypothalamus
– Approximately the size of a pea
– Housed within sella turcica of sphenoid bone
– Connected to hypothalamus by thin stalk, infundibulum
– Partitioned into anterior and posterior pituitary

61
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

– Neural part of pituitary gland
– Grows from developing hypothalamus
Cell bodies and dendrites within hypothalamus
• axons extending from hypothalamus to pars nervosa
• termed hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract

62
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

– Develops beginning of third week of development

• develops as invagination of ectoderm in developing oral cavity

63
Q

Hormones stored in posterior pituitary

A

Synthesized in hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells
• packed within secretory vesicles
• transported by fast axonal transport
• released from synaptic knobs of neurons
- oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

64
Q

Oxytocin

A

• produced by paraventricular nucleus

65
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

produced by supraoptic nucleus

66
Q

Hormone release from anterior pituitary

A

– Specific hormones within hypothalamus released
– Travel through from primary plexus to secondary plexus
– Hormones released from anterior pituitary
• reach target cells through the bloodstream

67
Q

Hormones of the Hypothalamus tract

A

– Termed regulatory hormones (Tropic)
• secreted into blood to regulate anterior pituitary hormones
releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones

68
Q

– Releasing hormones

A

stimulate secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

69
Q

Inhibiting hormones

A

• deter secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

70
Q

Hormones of the Hypothalamus

A 
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
– Prolactin-releasing hormone
– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
– Corticotropin-releasing hormone
– Growth hormone-releasing hormone
71
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A

• increases secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone

72
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone

A

• increases secretion of prolactin

73
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

ncreases secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing
hormone

74
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

• increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone

75
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

A

• increases secretion of growth hormone

76
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A

– Six major hormones
– Most tropic hormones
• stimulated cells to secrete hormones
• exception prolactin

77
Q

Six major hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A 
– Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
– Prolactin
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
– Growth hormone
78
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

regulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

79
Q

Prolactin

A
  • regulates mammary growth and breast milk production

* may help androgen production in males

80
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • collectively called gonadotropins
  • regulate hormone synthesis by the gonads
  • regulate production and maturation of gamete
81
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to produce and secrete glucocorticoids

82
Q

Growth hormone

A

stimulates cell growth and cell division
• affects most body cells
• particularly affects skeletal and muscular system
• stimulates liver to release insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2
– have overlapping function with growth hormone

83
Q

Growth hormone characteristics

A

Functions include:
• stimulation of linear growth at epiphyseal plate
• hypertrophy of muscle

84
Q

Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland

A

Largest structure in body devoted to endocrine activities
– Immediately inferior to thyroid cartilage of larynx
– Anterior to trachea
– Covered by connective tissue capsule
– Has left and right lobes
• connected at midline by narrow isthmus
– Highly vascularized by superior and inferior thyroid arteries
– Composed of microscopic spherical structures
• termed thyroid follicles
– Follicular cells
• form wall of follicles
• surround central lumen
• houses protein-rich fluid, colloid
– Thyroid hormone
• produced and released by follicular cells

85
Q

Action of Thyroid Hormone

A

– Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) released by hypothalamus
• enters in response to decreased in blood levels of thyroid hormone
• also stimulated by:
– cold weather, pregnancy, high altitude, and hypoglycemia
– TRH binding to cells of anterior pituitary
• stimulates anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

86
Q

– Increased thyroid hormone

A

inhibits release of TRH from hypothalamus
• inhibits release of TSH from anterior pituitary
• causes release of growth inhibiting hormone
– further inhibits release of TSH from anterior pituitary

87
Q

– Hyperthyroidism

A

result from excessive production of TH
• increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, and heat intolerance
• treated by removing the thyroid (with daily hormone supplements)

88
Q

– Hypothyroidism

A

results from decreased production of thyroid hormone
• low metabolic rate, lethargy
• cold intolerance, weight gain, and photophobia
• caused by decreased iodine intake, loss of pituitary stimulation of thyroid,
postsurgical, or immune system destruction of thyroid
• treated with thyroid hormone replacement

89
Q

– Goiter

A

• enlargement of thyroid
• typically due to insufficient dietary iodine
• lack of dietary iodine preventing thyroid from producing thyroid hormone
• once relatively common in United States
– now iodine added to table salt

90
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • synthesizes more than 25 corticosteroids
  • yellow color due to lipids within cells
  • three regions producing different steroid hormones
91
Q

– Pancreatic islet cells

A 
small clusters of endocrine cells scattered among acini
• 1% of total pancreatic volume
• composed of two primary cell types:
– alpha cells secreting glucagon
– beta cells secreting insulin
92
Q

• Blood glucose concentration

A

Pancreatic endocrine function
• maintaining normal blood glucose
– Normal range 70 to 110 mg of glucose/deciliter*
– Chronically high levels damaging to blood vessels and kidneys
– Low levels resulting in lethargy, mental and physical impairment, and
death (if too low)

A&P 2! (6 decks)

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