AP2 T4!! Flashcards
Cells engage in what type of cellular respiration
aerobic
Aerobic cellular respiration is necessary for what?
life
Aerobic cellular respiration requires which two things?
– Requires an uninterrupted supply of oxygen
– Requires removal of carbon dioxide waste
Respiration:
collective process by which oxygen and
carbon dioxide are continuously exchanged between
the atmosphere and the body’s cells
Air passageway (moves from where to where etc)
– Air is moved from the atmosphere to the alveoli as we breathe in
– Air is moved from the lungs to the atmosphere as we breathe out
Oxygen diffuses from what into where? CO2 diffuses from what into where?
– Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood
– Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
• takes place between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
Odor detection in the respiratory system happens how?
Olfactory receptors in the superior nasal cavity
– Air moving across receptors
– Sensory input relay to the brain
Sound protection in the respiratory system happens how?
– Air moves across the vocal cords of the larynx (voice box)
– Vocal cords of the larynx vibrate, producing sound
– Sounds resonate in the upper respiratory structures
Rate and depth of breathing influences which 5 things?
– blood levels of oxygen – blood levels of carbon dioxide – blood levels of hydrogen ion – venous return of blood – venous return of lymph
The upper respiratory system includes what?
larynx and above
the lower respiratory system includes what?
trachea and below
The conducting system transports air where?
nose to bronchioles
The respiratory system participates in what? where does this occur?
participates in gas exchange
- respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
Mucosa = ____? what tissue is it made of? What type of tissue is more portions of the conducting zone?
– Internally lining the respiratory passageway
– Composed of:
• epithelium resting on a basement membrane
• underlying lamina propria made of areolar connective tissue
– Ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone
The epithelium of the respiratory tract becomes ___ from ____ to ____? it starts out which type of tissue then changes to what then changes agin to which then finally to what type of tissue?
– Becomes thinner from the nose to the alveoli
– Starts out pseudostratified ciliated columnar
– Changes to simple ciliated columnar
– Changes to simple cuboidal
– Again changes to simple squamous
Mucous secretions amount varies according to what? usually its how much daily?
Amount produced varies according to irritants
– Generally 1 to 7 tablespoons daily
Substances that defend against microbes in the mucous include which 3 things?
– Contain substances to help defend the body against microbes
• lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)
• defensins (antibacterial proteins)
• immunoglobulin A (antibodies)
What is mucous called when it’s coughed up with trapped substances?
sputum
The nasal cavity has a floor formed by what?
hard and soft palate
The rod of the nasal cavity is formed by which 4 bones?
nasal bone • frontal bone • ethmoid bone • sphenoid bone • some cartilage of the nose
The nasal septum divides what? formed anteriorly by what? posteriorly by what? the thin bony sheet is composed of which two bones
– Divides nasal cavity into left and right portions
– Is formed anteriorly by the septal nasal cartilage
– Is formed posteriorly by a thin bony sheet
• composed of ethmoid bone superiorly
• composed of vomer bone inferiorly
What are the three conchae bones?
- superior conchae
- middle conchae
- inferior conchae
What are another name for the conchae bones? The bones produce what in inhaled hair?
Nasal conchae = turbinate bones
• produce turbulence in inhaled air
What are the passage ways between the conchae?
• each passage called a nasal meatus
The nasal cavity does what three things to the air?
warms, cleanses and humidifies
The air is warmed by what in the nasal cavity?
extensive blood vessels
Mucus traps what?
dust microbes and foreign material
Cillia sweeps muscuous where?
toward the pharynx t be swallowed
What humidifies the air in the nasal cavity?
moist enviornment humidifies
Air turbulence by the conchae enhances what?
warms, cleanses and humidifies
Rhinorrhea:
– increased production of mucus (allergies, virus)
– increased secretions from lacrimal glands draining into the nasal
cavity (crying)
– exposure to cold air (water condensation + less effective cilia)
Paranasal sinuses are spaces within what? all sinuses are connected by ducts to where?
– Spaces within the skull bones
– All connected by ducts to the nasal cavity
Clinical View: Sinus Infections and Sinus Headaches
• Respiratory infection or allergy can cause inflammation of the
ducts that drain from the paranasal sinuses.
• Drainage of mucus decreases and accumulates in the sinuses.
• Germs can grow in the accumulated mucous, causing a sinus
infection.
• Inflamed and blocked sinuses and pressure changes can cause
sinus headaches.
The nasopahrnyx is lines by which type of tissue?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The nasopharynx is connected to the middle ear via ___?
auditory tubes
The auditory tubes do what tow things? (pressure)
- equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
- allow excess pressure to be released into the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils are called what then enlarged?
when enlarged, called adenoids
Larynx is also called what?
voice box
The fxn of the larynx involves which 4 things?
Air passageway
– Normally the larynx is open
• Prevents ingested materials from entering the
respiratory tract
– During swallowing the superior opening covered
• Produces sound for speech
– Ligaments vibrate when air passes over them during expiration
• termed vocal cords
Assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity
– Epiglottis closes over the larynx
• air cannot escape
The Valsalva maneuver is what?
abdominal muscles simutanously contract
The valsalva maneuver facilitates what physiological processes?
- elimination of urine from the bladder
- elimination of feces from the gastrointestinal tract
- expulsion of a baby during childbirth
