AP2 T4!!

Question 1

Cells engage in what type of cellular respiration

Answer 1

aerobic

Question 2

Aerobic cellular respiration is necessary for what?

Answer 2

life

Question 3

Aerobic cellular respiration requires which two things?

Answer 3

– Requires an uninterrupted supply of oxygen

– Requires removal of carbon dioxide waste

Question 4

Respiration:

Answer 4

collective process by which oxygen and
carbon dioxide are continuously exchanged between
the atmosphere and the body’s cells

Question 5

Air passageway (moves from where to where etc)

Answer 5

– Air is moved from the atmosphere to the alveoli as we breathe in
– Air is moved from the lungs to the atmosphere as we breathe out

Question 6

Oxygen diffuses from what into where? CO2 diffuses from what into where?

Answer 6

– Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood
– Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
• takes place between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries

Question 7

Odor detection in the respiratory system happens how?

Answer 7

Olfactory receptors in the superior nasal cavity
– Air moving across receptors
– Sensory input relay to the brain

Question 8

Sound protection in the respiratory system happens how?

Answer 8

– Air moves across the vocal cords of the larynx (voice box)
– Vocal cords of the larynx vibrate, producing sound
– Sounds resonate in the upper respiratory structures

Question 9

Rate and depth of breathing influences which 5 things?

Answer 9

– blood levels of oxygen
– blood levels of carbon dioxide
– blood levels of hydrogen ion
– venous return of blood
– venous return of lymph

Question 10

The upper respiratory system includes what?

Answer 10

larynx and above

Question 11

the lower respiratory system includes what?

Answer 11

trachea and below

Question 12

The conducting system transports air where?

Answer 12

nose to bronchioles

Question 13

The respiratory system participates in what? where does this occur?

Answer 13

participates in gas exchange

- respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Question 14

Mucosa = ____? what tissue is it made of? What type of tissue is more portions of the conducting zone?

Answer 14

– Internally lining the respiratory passageway
– Composed of:
• epithelium resting on a basement membrane
• underlying lamina propria made of areolar connective tissue
– Ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone

Question 15

The epithelium of the respiratory tract becomes ___ from ____ to ____? it starts out which type of tissue then changes to what then changes agin to which then finally to what type of tissue?

Answer 15

– Becomes thinner from the nose to the alveoli
– Starts out pseudostratified ciliated columnar
– Changes to simple ciliated columnar
– Changes to simple cuboidal
– Again changes to simple squamous

Question 16

Mucous secretions amount varies according to what? usually its how much daily?

Answer 16

Amount produced varies according to irritants

– Generally 1 to 7 tablespoons daily

Question 17

Substances that defend against microbes in the mucous include which 3 things?

Answer 17

– Contain substances to help defend the body against microbes
• lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)
• defensins (antibacterial proteins)
• immunoglobulin A (antibodies)

Question 18

What is mucous called when it’s coughed up with trapped substances?

Answer 18

sputum

Question 19

The nasal cavity has a floor formed by what?

Answer 19

hard and soft palate

Question 20

The rod of the nasal cavity is formed by which 4 bones?

Answer 20

nasal bone
• frontal bone
• ethmoid bone
• sphenoid bone
• some cartilage of the nose

Question 21

The nasal septum divides what? formed anteriorly by what? posteriorly by what? the thin bony sheet is composed of which two bones

Answer 21

– Divides nasal cavity into left and right portions
– Is formed anteriorly by the septal nasal cartilage
– Is formed posteriorly by a thin bony sheet
• composed of ethmoid bone superiorly
• composed of vomer bone inferiorly

Question 22

What are the three conchae bones?

Answer 22

• superior conchae
• middle conchae
• inferior conchae

Question 23

What are another name for the conchae bones? The bones produce what in inhaled hair?

Answer 23

Nasal conchae = turbinate bones

• produce turbulence in inhaled air

Question 24

What are the passage ways between the conchae?

Answer 24

• each passage called a nasal meatus

Question 25

The nasal cavity does what three things to the air?

Answer 25

warms, cleanses and humidifies

Question 26

The air is warmed by what in the nasal cavity?

Answer 26

extensive blood vessels

Question 27

Mucus traps what?

Answer 27

dust microbes and foreign material

Question 28

Cillia sweeps muscuous where?

Answer 28

toward the pharynx t be swallowed

Question 29

What humidifies the air in the nasal cavity?

Answer 29

moist enviornment humidifies

Question 30

Air turbulence by the conchae enhances what?

Answer 30

warms, cleanses and humidifies

Question 31

Rhinorrhea:

Answer 31

– increased production of mucus (allergies, virus)
– increased secretions from lacrimal glands draining into the nasal
cavity (crying)
– exposure to cold air (water condensation + less effective cilia)

Question 32

Paranasal sinuses are spaces within what? all sinuses are connected by ducts to where?

Answer 32

– Spaces within the skull bones

– All connected by ducts to the nasal cavity

Question 33

Clinical View: Sinus Infections and Sinus Headaches

Answer 33

• Respiratory infection or allergy can cause inflammation of the
ducts that drain from the paranasal sinuses.
• Drainage of mucus decreases and accumulates in the sinuses.
• Germs can grow in the accumulated mucous, causing a sinus
infection.
• Inflamed and blocked sinuses and pressure changes can cause
sinus headaches.

Question 34

The nasopahrnyx is lines by which type of tissue?

Answer 34

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 35

The nasopharynx is connected to the middle ear via ___?

Answer 35

auditory tubes

Question 36

The auditory tubes do what tow things? (pressure)

Answer 36

• equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
• allow excess pressure to be released into the nasopharynx

Question 37

Pharyngeal tonsils are called what then enlarged?

Answer 37

when enlarged, called adenoids

Question 38

Larynx is also called what?

Answer 38

voice box

Question 39

The fxn of the larynx involves which 4 things?

Answer 39

Air passageway
– Normally the larynx is open
• Prevents ingested materials from entering the
respiratory tract
– During swallowing the superior opening covered
• Produces sound for speech
– Ligaments vibrate when air passes over them during expiration
• termed vocal cords
Assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity
– Epiglottis closes over the larynx
• air cannot escape

Question 40

The Valsalva maneuver is what?

Answer 40

abdominal muscles simutanously contract

Question 41

The valsalva maneuver facilitates what physiological processes?

Answer 41

• elimination of urine from the bladder
• elimination of feces from the gastrointestinal tract
• expulsion of a baby during childbirth