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A&P 2! > Endocrine system t1 > Flashcards

Endocrine system t1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major control systems of the body?

A

Nervous and endocrine system

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2
Q

What are some differences btwn endocrine and nervous system? 5

A
  • Hormones are transported within the blood
  • Exhibit longer reaction times
  • more widespread effects
  • longer lasting effects
  • nervous = electrical , endocrine = chemical
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3
Q

Endocrine system releases what and that goes to where?

A

releases and synthesizes hormones to target cells

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4
Q

What is a target cell?

A

cells with a specific receptor for hormone, hormone binds to this

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5
Q

4 main fxns of endocrine system?

A
  • maintaining homeostasis of blood compositon and volume
  • controlling reproductive activities
  • regulating development, growth and metabolism
  • controlling digestive processes
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6
Q

Composition of endocrine system 3

A
  • derived from epithelium with connective tissue framework
  • extensive blood supply
  • two organizations: single organ with endo fxn, cells in small clusters in organs with another fxn
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7
Q

differentiate perfusion from vascularization

A

perfusion = measure of amount of blood flowing through an area
- vascularization = measure of number of blood vessels in an area

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8
Q

What are the 5 organs with endocrine fxn?

A
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)
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9
Q

Pineal gland is found where? Pinealocytes secrete what hormone and what does that hormone do?

A

posterior region of the epithalmus, cells secrete melatonin regulating circadian rhythm

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10
Q

The parathyroid glands are found where? What does it regulate?

A

found on posterior region of thyroid gland

- regulates blood calcium levels

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11
Q

What are the two cells types in the parathryoid? what are their fxns?

A
  • Cheif cells : released in response to decreased blood Ca2+ levels
  • Oxphil cells: fxn unknown :)
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12
Q

What are the other organs that have small clusters releasing hormones? 9

A

skin, thymus, heart, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys and gonads

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13
Q

What hormone does the kidneys secrete in times of anemia? what does this hormone do?

A

secrete erythropoietin, RBC production

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14
Q

Endocrine reflexes are initiated by which 3 types of stimulation?

A
  • hormonal, humoral, nervous stimulation
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15
Q

Describe hormonal stimulation

A

release of hormone in response to another hormone

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16
Q

Describe humoral stimulation

A

release of a hormone in response to changes in level of nutrient or ion in the blood

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17
Q

Describe nervous stimulation

A

release of a hormone in response to stimulation by the nervous system

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18
Q

What are the two catgories of ciruclating hormones?

A

steroid hormones and protein hormones

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19
Q

Sterioid hormones are ___ soluble. and synthesized from ___. Includes what three types of hormones?

A

lipid soluble, from cholestrol

- steroids produced by gonads, steroids synthesized by adrenal cortex, calcitriol sometimes in group

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20
Q

Protein hormones are ___ soluble. Most hormones in this group (t/f). COmposed of small chains of ____.

A

water soluble, true, small chains of amino acids

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21
Q

How are water soluble hormones transported?

A

they readily dissolve, easily transported in aqueous enviornment

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22
Q

How are lipid soluble hormones transported?

A

require carrier proteins

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23
Q

The lipid soluble carrier proteins are either __ or __.

A

selective or nonselective

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24
Q

Albumin is a lipid soluble protein that does what?

A

Acts as a transport in blood :)

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25
Q

What are the two factors influencing hormone concentration?

A

hormone synthesis and hormone elimination

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26
Q

Increased Hormone synthesis leads to what?

A

leads to increased blood level

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27
Q

How are hormones eliminated (4)

A

enzymatic degradation in liver cells

  • removal from blood via kidneys
  • removal of blood by uptake into target cells
  • increased elimination leading to decreased blood levels
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28
Q

What is a hormone half life?

A

time necessary to reduce concentration to half of the original level

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29
Q

What category of hormone has a longer half life?

A

steriod hormones

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30
Q

Who made the classic decay graph?

A

Issac Newton

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31
Q

Lipid soluble hormones are _____ which means ?

A

nonpolar which means they can diffuse across the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors and from hormone-receptor complex

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32
Q

what are the hormone response elements for lipid soluble hormones?

A
  • regions of chromatin within nucleus

- areas where complex binds

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33
Q

After lipid soluble hormones bind to form the hormone- receptor complex what are the next 4 steps?

A

– Results in transcription of mRNA
– Translation resulting in protein synthesis
– May result in alteration in cell structure
– May result in shift of target cells’ metabolic activity

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34
Q

For water soluble hormones unable to cross the plasma membrane what is the signal transduction pathway?

A

first messenger (hormone) -> docks making second messenger -> g protein activates -> g protein molecule dissociates causes GDP - GTP -> GTP protein diffuses to Adenylate cyclase (catalyzes cAMP from ATP) -> cAMP -> protein kinase (phosphorylates other molecule

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35
Q

The action of water soluble hormones depend on what? 3

A

dependent on hormone, messenger types and enzymes phosphorylated

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36
Q

The water soluble hormone glucagon is released from what? causes what

A

released from pancreatic cells in response to low blood glucose
• glucose released from liver cells

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37
Q

The water soluble hormone oxytocin released from where resulting in what?

A

released from posterior pituitary during childbirth

• causes stronger uterine muscle contractions to EXPEL baby

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38
Q

What are the advantages of signaling pathway? 2

A

• amplifies signal at each enzymatic step
– more molecules activated at each step
– leads to greater specific response
• with multistep pathways, more places to regulate pathway activities

39
Q

What are the three hormone interaction types?

A

synergistic, permissive, antagonistic

40
Q

What is the permissive interaction type?

A

activity of one hormone requiring second hormone

41
Q

What are the three nutrient processes of the liver? What do each of them do?

A

Glycogenesis
• synthesis of glycogen from blood glucose
• also active in muscle cells
– Glycogenolysis
• breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose
• also in muscle cells, but used locally
– Gluconeogenesis
• production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

42
Q

What are the two nutrient processes in adipose tissue?

A

– Lipogenesis
• synthesis of triglycerides from blood fatty acids and glycerol
• for storage
– Lipolysis
• breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
• released into blood

43
Q

What are the two nutrient processes in all cells, especially muscle?

A

Protein anabolism
• protein synthesis
• stimulated with increased uptake of amino acids from blood
– Protein catabolism
• protein degradation
• not generally broken down for fuel
• may be broken down during stress or starvation

44
Q

The hypothalmus has direct control over hormone release from ___ and indirect control over ____(5).

A

Has direct control over hormone release from pituitary gland
– Has indirect control over hormone release from:
• thyroid and adrenal glands
• liver, testes, and ovaries

45
Q

What is the thin stalk connecting the hypothalmus to the pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum

46
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is the ___ part. and grows from developing ___.

A

– Neural part of pituitary gland

– Grows from developing hypothalamus

47
Q

The posterior pit. has cell bodies and dendrite within ___. the axons extend from ___ to ____. this is termed ___ tract.

A

Cell bodies and dendrites within hypothalamus
• axons extending from hypothalamus to pars nervosa
• termed hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract

48
Q

The anterior pit develops which week of development. how does it develop ?

A

Develops beginning of third week of development

• develops as invagination of ectoderm in developing oral cavity

49
Q

The hormones stored in the post pit are synthesized by ___ cells. packed within ___, transported by ___ and released by synaptic knobs of the neurons.

A

– Synthesized in hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells
• packed within secretory vesicles
• transported by fast axonal transport
• released from synaptic knobs of neurons

50
Q

Hormone release from anterior pit. come from ____, travel from ____ to ____.

A

Specific hormones within hypothalamus released

– Travel through from primary plexus to secondary plexus

51
Q

Tropic:

A

causes release of another hormone

52
Q

The hypothalmus has two types of hormones. what are dey?

A

releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones

53
Q

releasing hormones fxn

A

stimulate secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

54
Q

inhibiting hormones fxn

A

deter secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

55
Q

What are the 5 releasing hormones of the hypothalmus and what do each do?

A

– Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
• increases secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone
– Prolactin-releasing hormone
• increases secretion of prolactin
– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
• increases secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
– Corticotropin-releasing hormone
• increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
– Growth hormone-releasing hormone
• increases secretion of growth hormone

56
Q

Most of the hormones of the anterior pituitary are what? exception?

A

Most tropic hormones
• stimulated cells to secrete hormones
• exception prolactin

57
Q

What are the 6 major hormones of the ant pit ?

A 
– Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
– Prolactin
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
 - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
– Growth hormone
58
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

regulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

59
Q

Prolactin

A
  • regulates mammary growth and breast milk production

* may help androgen production in males

60
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

collectively called gonadotropins
• regulate hormone synthesis by the gonads
• regulate production and maturation of gametes

61
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

• stimulates adrenal cortex to produce and secrete glucocorticoids

62
Q

Growth hormone

A

stimulates cell growth and cell division
• affects most body cells
• particularly affects skeletal and muscular system
• stimulates liver to release insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2
– have overlapping function with growth hormone

63
Q

Growth hormone characteristics

A
  • stimulation of linear growth at epiphyseal plate

* hypertrophy of muscle

64
Q

– Pituitary dwarfism

A

inadequate growth hormone production
• due to hypothalamic or pituitary problem
• short stature and low blood sugar

65
Q

– Pituitary gigantism

A
  • too much growth hormone
  • excessive growth and increased blood sugar
  • enormous internal organs
  • die at early age if untreated
66
Q

Largest structure in body devoted to endocrine activities??

A

Thyroid Gland

67
Q

What is the connection of the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

connected at midline by narrow isthmus

68
Q

Thyroid Gland Composed of microscopic spherical structures termed?

A

thyroid follicles

69
Q

Follicular cells form walls of ___. surround the ___. houses protein rich fluid called ___.

A
  • form wall of follicles
  • surround central lumen
  • houses protein-rich fluid, colloid
70
Q

Thyroid hormone produced and released by

A

follicular cells

71
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) released by hypothalamus enters in response to

A

decreased in blood levels of thyroid hormone
• also stimulated by:
– cold weather, pregnancy, high altitude, and hypoglycemia

72
Q

TRH binding to cells of anterior pituitary stimulates anterior pituitary to release

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

73
Q

What are the primary target organs/tissues
of thyroid hormone? Describe the effect on
each.

A

All cells: increased metabolic rate and glucose uptake
Liver tissue: increased glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis and decreased glycogenesis
Adipose tissue: increased lipolysis and decreased
lipogenesis
Lungs: increased breathing rate
Heart: increased heart rate and force of contraction

74
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • result from excessive production of TH
  • increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, and heat intolerance
  • treated by removing the thyroid (with daily hormone supplements)
75
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

results from decreased production of thyroid hormone
• low metabolic rate, lethargy
• cold intolerance, weight gain, and photophobia
• caused by decreased iodine intake, loss of pituitary stimulation of thyroid,
postsurgical, or immune system destruction of thyroid
• treated with thyroid hormone replacement

76
Q

Goiter

A

• enlargement of thyroid
• typically due to insufficient dietary iodine
• lack of dietary iodine preventing thyroid from producing thyroid hormone
• once relatively common in United States
– now iodine added to table salt

77
Q

Adrenal cortex synthesizes more than __ corticosteroids

A

25

78
Q

Pancreas Performs ___ and _____ activities

A

exocrine and endocrine

79
Q

Pancreatic islet cells composed of two primary cell types:(name fxn too)

A

– alpha cells secreting glucagon

– beta cells secreting insulin

80
Q

Pancreatic endocrine function is

A

Blood glucose concentration

81
Q

Normal range Blood glucose concentration

A

70 to 110 mg of glucose/deciliter*

82
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too high or too low?

A

Chronically high levels damaging to blood vessels and kidneys
– Low levels resulting in lethargy, mental and physical impairment, and
death (if too low)

83
Q

Why does too high of blood glucose damage kidneys and blood vessels

A

sensitive tissues, sugar attaches to RBC and acts as a sandpaper

84
Q

Lowering High Blood Glucose Levels with Insulin

A

Insulin released from pancreas following food intake
– Glucose levels detected by chemoreceptors
– Target cells bound by insulin

85
Q

Lowering High Blood Glucose Levels with Insulin In hepatocytes

A
  • glycogenesis stimulated
  • glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis inhibited
  • glucose molecules removed from blood and stored as glycogen
86
Q

Lowering High Blood Glucose Levels with Insulin In adipose tissue

A
  • lipogenesis stimulated and lipolysis inhibited
  • decreased fatty acid levels in blood
  • storage of fat increased
87
Q

Release of insulin results

A

• results in decrease in all nutrients in blood
• increase in synthesis of storage forms of molecules
• decrease of alternative nutrients
– cells more likely to use available glucose
• decreases with decreased glucose levels

88
Q

Insulin not required for glucose uptake in all cells like

A
  • e.g., nervous tissue, kidney
  • hepatocytes, erythrocytes
  • take up glucose independently
89
Q

Raising Low Blood Glucose Levels with Glucagon

A

antagonistic to lowering with insulin

90
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

inadequate uptake of glucose from blood
• with chronically elevated glucose, blood vessels damaged
• leading cause of retinal blindness, kidney failure, and nontraumatic
amputations in the United States
• associated with increased heart disease and stroke

91
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • absent or diminished release of insulin by pancreas
  • tends to occur in children and younger individuals
  • may have autoimmune component
  • requires daily injections of insulin
92
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

from decreased insulin release or insulin effectiveness
• obesity major cause in development
• tends to occur in older individuals, but can occur in young adults
• treatment with diet, exercise, and medications

93
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

seen in some pregnant women
• if untreated, causes risk to fetus and increases delivery complications
• increases chance of later developing type 2 diabete

94
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

• glucose levels below 60 mg/DL
• numerous causes:
– insulin overdose, prolonged exercise, alcohol use, liver or kidney dysfunction
– deficiency of glucocorticoids or growth hormone, genetics
• symptoms of hunger, dizziness, confusion, sweating, and sleepiness
• glucagon given if individual unconscious and unable to eat

A&P 2! (6 decks)

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