AP 2 T3 (2)

Question 1

NK cells destryoy unhealthy cells by released what?

Answer 1

cyotoxic chemicals

Question 2

Cyotoxic chemicals from NK cells include which two things and what do those function to do?

Answer 2

include perforin, forming transmembrane pore in unwanted cells
• include granzymes, initiating apoptosis

Question 3

Apoptosis:

Answer 3

form of cellular death

Question 4

Interferons is a group of ___ proteins

Answer 4

antimicrobial proteins

Question 5

Interferons is a class of ___ released from what?

Answer 5

Class of cytokines released from leukocytes, fibroblasts

Question 6

Intererons is non-specific defense mechanisms against ____?

Answer 6

– Non-specific defense mechanism against viral spread

Question 7

Interferons is released from ___ infected cell/

Answer 7

– Released from virus-infected cell

Question 8

Interferons binds receptors of neighboring cells why?

Answer 8

prevent them from becoming infected
• triggers synthesis of enzymes destroying viral RNA or DNA
• triggers synthesis of enzymes that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins

Question 9

Interferons stimulates macrophages and NK cells why?

Answer 9

stimulates to destroy virus-infected cells
• prevents them from becoming infected
• triggers synthesis

Question 10

Complement is an important group of what

Answer 10

Important group of antimicrobial proteins

Question 11

Complement is composed of what?

Answer 11

Composed at least 30 plasma proteins

Question 12

HOw is complement identified?

Answer 12

Identified with letter “C” and number

• e.g., C2

Question 13

Complement is synthesized by the ___. Its countinuously released in which form? and activated how?

Answer 13

– Synthesized by liver
• continuously released in inactive form
• activated in blood by enzyme cascade

Question 14

Complement works along with what?

Answer 14

Work along with antibodies

Question 15

Inflammation is immediate ____, _____ response.

Answer 15

Immediate, local, nonspecific response

Question 16

Inflammation occurs in which type of tissue against a variety of ____.

Answer 16

Occurs in vascularized tissue against variety of stimuli
• e.g., response to scratch of skin, bee sting
• e.g., overuse of body structure

Question 17

Inflammation is a major effector response of which type of immunity

Answer 17

Major effector response of innate immunity

Question 18

Inflammation helps eliminate what from the body

Answer 18

– Helps eliminate most infectious agents from body

Question 19

How many steps of inflammation are there?

Answer 19

3

Question 20

The first step of inflammation involves what being release? Where is it released from? it includes what 4 factors

Answer 20

numerous chemicals released
• released from injured tissue, basophils, mast cells, infectious
organisms
• include histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, chemotactic
factors

Question 21

The second step of inflammation involves the chemicals being released causing what? it does what to the capillaries and vessels? It also stimulates ____ of molecules for what adhesion?

Answer 21

• released chemicals causing responses in local blood vessels
• vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
• stimulate endothelium expression of molecules for leukocyte
adhesion

Question 22

CAM released during the second step of inflammation stands for what?

Answer 22

– cell-adhesion molecules, CAMs

Question 23

The third step of inflammation includes what 3 things?

Answer 23

margination, diapedesis and chemotaxis

Question 24

Margination involves what adhering to injured tissue capillaries CAMs?

Answer 24

leukocytes CAMs adhering to injured tissue capillaries CAMs

– like “cellular Velcro”

Question 25

Diapedesis involves cells ___ btwn vessels wall cells? they what to site of infection?

Answer 25

cells “squeezing out” between vessel wall cells | – migrate to site of infection

Question 26

Chemotaxis is migration of cells where? Chemicals are released from what? they diffuse __ and ___ immune cells. They may also release ___ inducing fever?

Answer 26

migration of cells along chemical gradient – chemical released from damaged cells or pathogens – diffuse outward and attract immune cells – recruited cells releasing specific cytokines stimulating leukopoiesis – may also release pyrogens, inducing fever

Question 27

An effect is a ____ ______ of fluid from blood through waht?

Answer 27

– Net movement of fluid from blood through infected area

Question 28

Exudate is increased (3) things?

Answer 28

• increased fluid, protein, immune cells leaving capillaries

Question 29

Exudate delivers substances to help eliminate ___ and promote ___.

Answer 29

• delivers substances needed to eliminate pathogens and promote healing

Question 30

Exudate raises what type of pressure?

Answer 30

• raises hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

Exudate causes additional fluid uptake by what

Answer 31

• additional fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries

Question 32

Exudate carries away what 4 things?

Answer 32

* carries away infectious agents, dead cells, cellular debris * lymph monitored as passes through lymph nodes

Question 33

Within ___ hours inflammatory response does what?

Answer 33

– Within 72 hours, inflammatory response slowing down

Question 34

After 72 slow down what 6 things happens?

Answer 34

monocytes exiting blood • become macrophages and begin cleanup of affected area • bacteria, damaged host cells, dying neutrophils destroyed by macrophages • fibroblasts multiplying and synthesizing collagen • starts tissue repair • may lead to formation of scar tissue

Question 35

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation ?

Answer 35

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 36

Redness is

Answer 36

increased blood flow

Question 37

Heat is

Answer 37

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity within the area

Question 38

Swelling is

Answer 38

increase in fluid loss from capillaries to interstital fluid

Question 39

Pain is a stimulaiton of what? chemical irritation by which 3 things?

Answer 39

pain receptors from compression from interstital fluid | -chemical irritation by kinins, prostalandins, microbe substances

Question 40

Loss of fxn with inflammation may occur when?

Answer 40

in severe cases

Question 41

Acute inflammatory response typically lasts how long? Sometimes if it persists in can turn into ___ inflammation?

Answer 41

* typically lasts 8-10 days | * sometimes persists in process of chronic inflammation

Question 42

Fever is an abnormal elevation of what?

Answer 42

body temperature

Question 43

Fever is at least 1 degree C from normal temp which is what in C and F?

Answer 43

at least 1°C from normal (37°C)

Question 44

Fever may accompany ___ response.

Answer 44

May accompany inflammatory response

Question 45

Fever requires fluid intake to prevent ___. This is due to excess ____ ___.

Answer 45

– Requires increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration | • due to excess fluid loss

Question 46

Risks of a high fever

Answer 46

– Fever significant above 100 degrees F – High fevers potentially dangerous • 103 in children, slightly lower in adult – Changes in metabolic pathways and denaturation of proteins – Possible seizures – Irreversible brain damage at greater than 106 – Death likely if temperature greater than 109

Question 47

Clinical View: Pus and Abscesses

Answer 47

Pus, exudate • contains destroyed pathogens, dead leukocytes, macrophages, cellular debris • removed by lymphatic system or through skin • if not completely cleared, may form abscess – pus walled off with collagen fibers – usually requires surgical intervention to remove

Question 48

Clinical View: Applying Ice for Acute Inflammation

Answer 48

Ice recommended for acute inflammation – Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels • decreases inflammatory response – Numbs area and makes less painful

Question 49

Clinical View: Chronic Inflammation

Answer 49

– Inflammation continuing for longer than two weeks – Characterized by macrophages and lymphocytes (not neutrophils) – Can occur from overuse injuries • e.g., tennis elbow or shin splints – May occur if acute inflammation unable to eliminate pathogen – May be due to autoimmune disorder – Can lead to tissue destruction and scar tissue formation