AP 2 T3 (2) Flashcards
NK cells destryoy unhealthy cells by released what?
cyotoxic chemicals
Cyotoxic chemicals from NK cells include which two things and what do those function to do?
include perforin, forming transmembrane pore in unwanted cells
• include granzymes, initiating apoptosis
Apoptosis:
form of cellular death
Interferons is a group of ___ proteins
antimicrobial proteins
Interferons is a class of ___ released from what?
Class of cytokines released from leukocytes, fibroblasts
Intererons is non-specific defense mechanisms against ____?
– Non-specific defense mechanism against viral spread
Interferons is released from ___ infected cell/
– Released from virus-infected cell
Interferons binds receptors of neighboring cells why?
prevent them from becoming infected
• triggers synthesis of enzymes destroying viral RNA or DNA
• triggers synthesis of enzymes that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins
Interferons stimulates macrophages and NK cells why?
stimulates to destroy virus-infected cells
• prevents them from becoming infected
• triggers synthesis
Complement is an important group of what
Important group of antimicrobial proteins
Complement is composed of what?
Composed at least 30 plasma proteins
HOw is complement identified?
Identified with letter “C” and number
• e.g., C2
Complement is synthesized by the ___. Its countinuously released in which form? and activated how?
– Synthesized by liver
• continuously released in inactive form
• activated in blood by enzyme cascade
Complement works along with what?
Work along with antibodies
Inflammation is immediate ____, _____ response.
Immediate, local, nonspecific response
Inflammation occurs in which type of tissue against a variety of ____.
Occurs in vascularized tissue against variety of stimuli
• e.g., response to scratch of skin, bee sting
• e.g., overuse of body structure
Inflammation is a major effector response of which type of immunity
Major effector response of innate immunity
Inflammation helps eliminate what from the body
– Helps eliminate most infectious agents from body
How many steps of inflammation are there?
3
The first step of inflammation involves what being release? Where is it released from? it includes what 4 factors
numerous chemicals released
• released from injured tissue, basophils, mast cells, infectious
organisms
• include histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, chemotactic
factors
The second step of inflammation involves the chemicals being released causing what? it does what to the capillaries and vessels? It also stimulates ____ of molecules for what adhesion?
• released chemicals causing responses in local blood vessels
• vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
• stimulate endothelium expression of molecules for leukocyte
adhesion
CAM released during the second step of inflammation stands for what?
– cell-adhesion molecules, CAMs
The third step of inflammation includes what 3 things?
margination, diapedesis and chemotaxis
Margination involves what adhering to injured tissue capillaries CAMs?
leukocytes CAMs adhering to injured tissue capillaries CAMs
– like “cellular Velcro”
Diapedesis involves cells ___ btwn vessels wall cells? they what to site of infection?
cells “squeezing out” between vessel wall cells
– migrate to site of infection
Chemotaxis is migration of cells where? Chemicals are released from what? they diffuse __ and ___ immune cells. They may also release ___ inducing fever?
migration of cells along chemical gradient
– chemical released from damaged cells or pathogens
– diffuse outward and attract immune cells
– recruited cells releasing specific cytokines stimulating
leukopoiesis
– may also release pyrogens, inducing fever
An effect is a ____ ______ of fluid from blood through waht?
– Net movement of fluid from blood through infected area
Exudate is increased (3) things?
• increased fluid, protein, immune cells leaving capillaries
Exudate delivers substances to help eliminate ___ and promote ___.
• delivers substances needed to eliminate pathogens and promote
healing
Exudate raises what type of pressure?
• raises hydrostatic pressure
Exudate causes additional fluid uptake by what
• additional fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries
Exudate carries away what 4 things?
- carries away infectious agents, dead cells, cellular debris
- lymph monitored as passes through lymph nodes
Within ___ hours inflammatory response does what?
– Within 72 hours, inflammatory response slowing down
After 72 slow down what 6 things happens?
monocytes exiting blood
• become macrophages and begin cleanup of affected area
• bacteria, damaged host cells, dying neutrophils destroyed by
macrophages
• fibroblasts multiplying and synthesizing collagen
• starts tissue repair
• may lead to formation of scar tissue
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation ?
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Redness is
increased blood flow
Heat is
increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity within the area
Swelling is
increase in fluid loss from capillaries to interstital fluid
Pain is a stimulaiton of what? chemical irritation by which 3 things?
pain receptors from compression from interstital fluid
-chemical irritation by kinins, prostalandins, microbe substances
Loss of fxn with inflammation may occur when?
in severe cases
Acute inflammatory response typically lasts how long? Sometimes if it persists in can turn into ___ inflammation?
- typically lasts 8-10 days
* sometimes persists in process of chronic inflammation
Fever is an abnormal elevation of what?
body temperature
Fever is at least 1 degree C from normal temp which is what in C and F?
at least 1°C from normal (37°C)
Fever may accompany ___ response.
May accompany inflammatory response
Fever requires fluid intake to prevent ___. This is due to excess ____ ___.
– Requires increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration
• due to excess fluid loss
Risks of a high fever
– Fever significant above 100 degrees F
– High fevers potentially dangerous
• 103 in children, slightly lower in adult
– Changes in metabolic pathways and denaturation of proteins
– Possible seizures
– Irreversible brain damage at greater than 106
– Death likely if temperature greater than 109
Clinical View: Pus and Abscesses
Pus, exudate
• contains destroyed pathogens, dead leukocytes, macrophages,
cellular debris
• removed by lymphatic system or through skin
• if not completely cleared, may form abscess
– pus walled off with collagen fibers
– usually requires surgical intervention to remove
Clinical View: Applying Ice for Acute Inflammation
Ice recommended for acute inflammation
– Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels
• decreases inflammatory response
– Numbs area and makes less painful
Clinical View: Chronic Inflammation
– Inflammation continuing for longer than two weeks
– Characterized by macrophages and lymphocytes (not neutrophils)
– Can occur from overuse injuries
• e.g., tennis elbow or shin splints
– May occur if acute inflammation unable to eliminate pathogen
– May be due to autoimmune disorder
– Can lead to tissue destruction and scar tissue formation
