AP 2 T3 Flashcards
What are capillary beds?
groups of capillaries fxning to gether
Capillary beds are fed by what?
metarteriole
Metarteriole is what?
athe vessel branch of arteriole
The proximal part of the metarteriole is encircled bywhat?
scattered smooth muscle cells
The distal part of the metarteriole is called the ___. What type of smooth muscle does it have?
throughfare channel with no smooth muscle ells
The metarteriole connects to what ____. what is the fxn of this?
postcapillary venule it’s the draining bed
The precapillary sphincter is a ___ muscle ring at _____.
smooth muscle ring at true capillary origin
The precapilary sphincter relaxation leads to what type of blood flow?
permits blood to flow into the true capillaries
the precapillary sphincter contraction leads to what?
caused blood to bypass capillary bed
The cycle of contraction and relaxing of the precapillary sphincter is called what?
vasomotion
At any time how much of the capillary beds is open?
one qarter
What percent of total blood volume is in the capillaries at given moment?
5%
Perfusion:
the amount of blood entering capillaries per unit time per gram of tissue
Venules are what type of veins? what is the diameter of them?
the smallest veins from 8 to 100 micrometers diamer
Venules are companion vessels with ___?
arterioles
The smallest venules are what? what do these do?
smallest, postcapillary venules..they drain capillaries
Venules merge to form what?
veins
Small and medium sized veins companion with what?
muscular arteries
The largest veins travel with what?
elastic arteries
Most veins have numerous ___. what is the fxn of these?
valves to prevent blood from pooling in the lungs
Valves in the veins are from from what?
tunic intima, elastic and collagen fibers
What is the “simple” pathway of blood vessel arrangement
One major artery delivering blood to organ or region
• branches into smaller arteries to become arterioles
• each arteriole feeding into single capillary bed
• drained by venule
• merge to one major vein
How many alternative pathways of blood vessels are there?
multiple alternative pathways possible
Arterial anastamosis
two or more arteries converging to supply same region
• e.g., superior and inferior epigastric arteries supplying abdominal
wall
Alternative pathway Portal system is blood flowing through how many capillary beds?
two
The beds in portal system are separated by what?
a portal vein
Oxygen hormones and nutrients diffuse how and where does it move to?
- move from higher concentration in blood
- move into interstitial fluid and tissue cells
Carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse how and where?
- diffuse from higher concentration in tissue to blood
Bulk flow :
movement of large amounts of fluids and dissolved substances
How does bulk flow move (direction wise etc)?
in one direction down a pressure gradient
The direction of movement of bulk flow is dependent n what?
net pressure of opposing forces
- hydrostatic pressure and colloid pressure
- direciton of net flow calculated through these valves
What are the two bulk flow types?
filtration and reabsorption
Bulk flow: Filtration is the movemtn of fluid where? what can flow? what is blocked and where does filtration occur in the capillary?
- movement of fluid out of blood through openings in capillaries
- fluid and small solutes flowing easily
- larger solutes blocked
- occurs on arterial end of capillary
Bulk flow: reabsoprtion is movement of fluid where? where does this occur?
- movement of fluid back into blood
* on venous end
Hydrostatic pressure is what?
Physical force exerted by fluid on a structure
Blood hydrostatic pressure is? what does it promote?
force exerted per unit area by blood on wall
• promotes filtration from capillary
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is what?
force of interstitial fluid on external blood vessel
• close to 0 in most tissues
Colloid osmtotic pressure is what?
– Pull of water into tissue by tissue’s protein concentration (colloid)
Blood colloid pressure is what? what does it promote?
draws fluid into blood due to blood proteins
• promotes reabsorption, opposing hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure is what? is it low or high…and why?
- force drawing fluid into interstitial fluid
* few proteins present, so relatively low (0 to 5 mm Hg)
Net filtration pressure calculation:
- Net hydrostatic pressure
• difference between blood and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressures
– Net colloid osmotic pressure
• difference between blood and interstitial fluid osmotic pressures
The lymphatic system picks up what, where? What percent of fluid is not reabsorbed by the capillary?
– Picks up excess fluid not reabsorbed at venous capillary end
• 15% of fluid not reabsorbed by capillary
The lymphatic system filters what and returns it where?
– Filters fluid and returns it to venous circulation
If lymph vessels were nonfunctional, what
would happen to the amount of interstitial
fluid around the capillary bed?
This fluid would increase, potentially leading to
edema.
The degree of vasculariztion determines what?
– Determines potential ability of blood delivery
Brain, skeletal muscle, heart, liver is highly vascularized or little?
highly
Tendons and Ligaments are highly vascularized or little?
little
Angiogenesis:
formation of new blood vessels in tissues
Angiogenesis helps provide what?
adequate perfusion through anatomic changes
Angiogenesis occurs in what time frame?
Occurs over several weeks to months
Angiogenesis is stimulated when? (3 things)
• skeletal muscle in response to aerobic training
• adipose tissue with weight gain
• occlusion of coronary vessels, providing alternative routes for
blood
Regression:
Return to previous state of blood vessels (before angiogenesis)
Regression may occur in what? (two things)
- some skeletal muscle vessels after individual becomes sedentary
- adipose tissue when tissue decreased
Autoregulation and changing metabolic activity:
Process by which tissue controls local blood flow
Stimulus of inadequate perfusion due to increased metabolic activity like what (3) things?
oxygen and nutrient levels declining
• increase in carbon dioxide, lactic acid, H+, K+
• act as local vasodilators
Autoregulation and changing metabolic activity is a negative feedback loop which means what?
• as perfusion increases, vessels constricting in response
Short-term regulation due to damaged tissue or as
part of the body’s defense system includes inflammation which is what?
• vasoactive chemical released from damaged tissue, leukocytes,
platelets
Chemicals involved with inflammation are histamine and bradykinin which does what (3) things?
release in response to trauma, allergy, infection, exercise
– cause vasodilation by directly stimulating arterioles
– may also stimulate release of nitric oxide, vasodilator
Total blood flow:
– Amount of blood transported through vasculature per time
Total blood flow is equal to what? it may increase significantly with what? what happens if it does increase or decrease?
May increase significantly with exercise
– If increases, more blood available to tissues
– If decreases, less available to tissues
Blood pressure:
Force per unit area of blood against vessel wall
Blood pressure is the driving force for what?
propelling blood through the vessels
Change in blood presure from one end to the other is what?
blood pressure gradient
Arterial blood pressure is blood flow pulsatile because of what?
ventricles contracting and relaxing
Arterial blood pressure involves what two pressures?
systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
Systolic pressure (3)
pressure in arteries during ventricular systole
• highest pressure generated in arteries
• artery maximally stretched
Diastolic pressure (3)
pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole
• lowest pressure generated in arteries
• artery maximally recoiled
Blood pressure readings is given how? what is the avg blood pressure for an avg adult?
- given as ratio of systolic to diastolic
* average adult, about 120/80 mm Hg
Pulse pressure is? how is it calculated?
- additional pressure on arteries when heart contracting
- difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
- e.g., for blood pressure 120/80, pulse pressure 40
Pulse pressure measures what? where is it the highest?
- measures elasticity and recoil of arteries
* highest in arteries closest to the heart
Pulse pressure may change with what 4 things?
may change temporarily with exercise
• with age and disease, arteries losing elasticity
– makes more difficult for heart to pump blood
– may see changes in pulse pressure
Pulse:
– throbbing sensations associated with pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP):
average of blood pressure forces on arteries
Formula…..MAP =
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
E.g., with blood pressure 120/80
MAP = 80 + 40/3 = 93
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) provides what?
index of perfusion
When blood is in capillary pulse pressure = what?
0
Capillary blood pressure needs to be high enough for what?
exchange of substances
Capillary blood pressure needs to be low enugh for what?
to not damage vessels
Capillary blood pressure at arteriel end is about what? and venous end?
40 mmHg, venous end = 20 mm Hg
Capillary blood pressure accounts for what?
Accounts for filtration and reabsorption at respective ends
Venous return:
movement of blood from capillaries back to heart
Venous blood pressure in venules? what about when it reaches right atrium?
20 mm Hg , almost 0 when reaches right atrium
Venous blood pressure has a small gradient which means what?
may be insufficient to move blood when standing
How does blood move from feet upward?
Skeletal muscle pump
Skeletal muscle pump: (5)
assists movement of blood within the limbs
• with muscle contraction, veins squeezed to help propel blood
• valves helping prevent backflow
• blood pumped more quickly back to heart during exercise
• with prolonged inactivity, blood pooling in the leg veins
Respiratory pump
• assists movement of blood within thoracic cavity
• diaphragm contracts and flattens with inspiration
- blood propelled from abdominal cavity to thoracic cavity
Respiratory pump abdominal cavity:
decreasing in volume and increasing in pressure
Respiratory pump thoracic cavity:
increasing in volume and decreasing in pressure
– Respiratory pump (continued)
with expiration diaphragm relaxing
• decreased intra-abdominal pressure
• helps blood move from vessels back into heart
• helps blood move from limbs into abdominal vessels
• effect increased with increased breathing rate
Blood pressure gradient in the systemic circulation (arteries, vena cava = gradient)
– Mean blood pressure in arteries, 93 mm Hg
– Blood pressure in vena cava 0
– Blood pressure gradient 93 mm Hg
The blood pressure gradient is the driving force to move what through what?
– Driving force to move blood through vasculature
• increasing gradient increasing total blood flow
• decreasing gradient decreasing total blood flow
Blood pressure gradient is increased by what?
increases cardiac output
What is the pulse pressure and mean
arterial pressure for a reading of 155/95 mm
Hg?
Pulse pressure = 60 mmHg
MAP = diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure
= 95 + 1/3 (60) = 115
Clinical View: Detecting a Pulse Point
– Pulse, throbbing of arterial wall
– Allows determination of heartbeat
– More forceful pulse associated with higher pressure
– Absence indicates flow to body part lacking
– Pulse points
• where artery may be compressed against solid structure
• e.g., radial, common carotid, femoral, dorsalis pedis, and others
Clinical View: Cerebral Edema
– Excess interstitial fluid in the brain
– Can occur if MAP greater than 160 mm Hg
– Increases filtration in brain capillaries
– No lymph vessels here
– Accumulation of excess fluid
Clinical View: Deep Vein Thrombosis
– Clot (thrombosis) in a vein
– Most common site the calf
– Heart disease, immobility, risk factors
– Fever, tenderness, and redness
– Pain and swelling in areas drained, rapid heartbeat
– Pulmonary embolus, most serious complication
• clot breaking free and lodging in pulmonary artery
• can cause respiratory failure and death
Clinical View: Varicose Veins
– Dilated and tortuous
– Nonfunctional valves causing blood pooling
– Most common in superficial veins of lower limbs
– Result of genetics, aging, extended standing, obesity, pregnancy
– In anorectal region, hemorrhoids
• due to increased abdominal pressure
Clinical View: Circulatory Shock
– Insufficient blood flow to perfuse tissues
– Can be due to impaired heart
– Can be due to low venous return
• from hemorrhage, dehydration
• obstructed vein
• venous pooling from extensive vasodilation from bacterial toxins
• brainstem trauma causing loss of vasomotor tone
• others
Resistance
Amount of friction blood experiences traveling through vessels
Resistance is due to what?
– Due to contact between blood and vessel wall
Resistance influences and opposes what?
– Influences and opposes total blood flow
Peripheral resistance:
• resistance of blood in blood vessels (as opposed to heart)
Resistance is affected by what 3 things?
– Affected by viscosity, vessel length, lumen size
• Vessel length
– Resistance increasing with length
• greater friction experienced by fluid
• shorter vessels with less resistance than longer of same diameter
• normally vessels maintaining same length
– may be increased during weight gain due to angiogenesis
Vessel radius
– The major way resistance regulated
– Flow fastest in the center of lumen
• encounters resistance from nearby vessel wall
– Different flow rate within vessel
• laminar flow
– As diameter increases, less blood near edges
• overall blood flow increases
Small changes in vessel radius yields large changes in ___.
resistance
Blood pressure needs to be high enough to maintian ____. if too high what happens?
to maintain tissue perfusion
- too high damages vesels
Blood pressure is dependent on what 3 things?
cardiac output, reistance and blood volume
Variables with blood pressure are regulated through what two systems?
endocrine and nervous
Short term regulation of blood pressure occurs through what? it involves what? how does it adjust blood pressure? it altersw hat two things?
autonomic reflexes
involve nuclei within medulla oblongata
• adjust blood pressure quickly
• e.g., arising from sitting to standing position
• alter cardiac output, resistance, or both
Baroreceptors are what?
specializes sensory nerve endings
Baroreceptors responds to what? firing rate changes when what happens?
stretch in blood vessel walls
- firing rate changes when stretch in blood vessels changes
Aortic arch barorecepotrs is located where?
• located in tunica externa of aortic arch
Aortic arch barorecepotrs transmits nerve signals to what? through what?
• transmit nerve signals to cardiovascular center through vagus
Aortic arch barorecepotrs are important in regulating what?
• important in regulating systemic blood pressure
Carotid sinuses are ___ located where?
baroreceptors located in tunica external of internal carotid arteries
Carotid sinuses transmit nerve signals back to the what?
• transmit nerve signals back to the cardiovascular center
Carotid sinuses monitors blod pressure where in the body?
• monitor blood pressure in head, neck, brain
Carotid sinuses are more sensitive to ___ than ______.
• more sensitive to blood pressure changes than aortic arch receptors
Autonomic reflexes are activated in response to what?
changes in stretch
Barorecptor reflexes are initiated by ___ or ___ in blood pressure?
decrease or increase in blood pressure
With decreased blood pressure what happens to autonomic reflexes?
• reflexes causing increased cardiac output, increased resistance, larger circulating blood volume
With increased blood pressure what happens to autonomic reflexes?
• reflexes causing decreased cardiac output, decreased resistance,
smaller circulating blood volume
Autonomic reflexes responds best to what two things?
– Respond best to sudden, short-term changes in blood pressure
Stimulators of chemoreceptors are what ?
high carbon dioxide, low pH, very low oxyen
Antidiuretic hormone increases what which helps maintain what?
• increases absorption of water in the kidney
– helps maintain blood volume and pressure
• stimulates thirst center to increase fluid intake
• causes vasoconstriction with extreme low blood volume
– increased peripheral resistance and blood pressure
– why hormone sometimes termed vasopressin
– Hypertension
chronically elevated blood pressure
• systolic pressure > 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic > 90 mm Hg
• may damage blood vessel walls, making atherosclerosis more likely
• may thicken arteriole walls, arteriolosclerosis
• major cause of heart failure
Hypotension
- chronically low blood pressure
- symptoms of fatigue, dizziness, fainting
- systolic pressure
– Orthostatic hypotension
drop in blood pressure after sudden standing
• dizziness, light-headedness, fainting
• blood pressure regulation not occurring quickly enough
What device is used to Measure Blood Pressure
sphygmomanometer
sphygmomanometer
cuff wrapped around arm
• stethoscope distal to compressed artery
• cuff inflated until brachial artery completely compressed
• pressure in cuff decreased as air released
Systolic pressure, top number is pressure in what?
pressure in arteries when heart contracts
• sound heard when pressure sufficient to overcome cuff pressure
– Diastolic pressure, bottom number is the pressure in what?
pressure in arteries when heart relaxes
• sounds no longer heard
• flow now smooth again because cuff not compressing artery
• During exercise blood flow is ___ due to ___ and ___ heartbeat. Also due to blood removal from _______. Ensures metabolically active tissues recieving ____ blood.
– Increase in total blood flow
– Due to faster and stronger heartbeat
– Also due to blood removal from venous reservoirs
– Ensures metabolically active tissues receiving adequate blood
During exercise there is an ___ flow to coronary vessels that helps with what?
Increased flow to coronary vessels
• helps ensure sufficient oxygen reaches cardiac muscle
During exercise skeletal muscle blood flow increasing bc it’s needed to meet __________.
high metabolic demands
During exercise blood flow increased to skin why?
to dissipate heat
During exercise blood flow is less to which areas?
• to abdominal organs, kidneys, less metabolically active structures
Hepatic portal system venous return from abdomen and the hepatic portal system
- blood from digestive organs not returned directly to vena cava
- transported via system into the liver
- then drains to inferior vena cava
- digested nutrients processed by the liver
- harmful agents absorbed in blood processed by liver
- receives products of erythrocyte destruction from spleen
Foramen ovale
pressure greater on left side of heart
• two flaps of interatrial septum closing off foramen
• remnant, thin depression in septum wall, fossa ovalis
Ductus arteriosus
- closes within 10 to 15 hours of birth
* becomes fibrous structure, ligamentum arteriosum
Clinical View: Patent Ductus Arteriosus
– When ductus fails to close after birth
– When patent
• blood flowing from aorta able to enter pulmonary system
• high blood pressure in pulmonary circulation
• mixing of deoxygenated blood with oxygenated blood
– May be treated with prostaglandin-inhibiting medication or surgery
The lymphatic systems include what structures?
Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic vessels
Enlargement in the lymphatic organs can indicate what?
sign that organs actively engaged in defending the body
What is the main job of the lymphatic system?
excess fluid to blood to maintain fluid balance
Lymph:
fluid transported within the lymph vessels
What percentage of fluid is not reabsobed into capillaries? what is that in liters?
15% of fluid entering interstitial spaces not reabsorbed into capillaries
• about 3 liters daily
Why does lymph move into lymphatic capillaries?
– Moves passively into lymphatic capillaries due to pressure gradient
Lymph is only termed lymph when its where?
Termed lymph once inside lymph vessels
What are some components of lymph?
- water, dissolved solutes, and small amount of protein
* sometimes cell debris, pathogens, or metastasized cancer cells
Lymphatic capillaries absorb what?
Closed-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid
Lymphatic capillaries are absent with what type of tissues?
Absent within avascular tissues
• e.g., epithelia
Lymphatic capillaries are larger in diameter than what type of capillary?
– Larger in diameter than blood capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries lack what?
Lack basement membrane
Lymphatic capillaries have ___ to allow fluid entrance without exit.
• one way flaps to allow fluid entrance without exit
Anchoring filaments in lymphatic capillaries do what?
• help hold endothelial cells to nearby structures
Lacteals in lymphatic capillaries are where? they function to do what?
- lymphatic capillaries within the GI tract
* allow for absorption of lipid-soluble substances from GI tract
Movement of Lymph into Lymphatic Capillaries
– Driving force moving fluid into lymphatic capillaries
• increase in hydrostatic pressure within interstitial space
• rises as additional fluid is filtered from blood capillaries
• increase in pressure “pushes” interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillary
lumen
• the higher the pressure, the greater the fluid entering lymphatic capillary
– Pressure of lymph forcing endothelial cells of vessel to close
• lymph “trapped” within lymphatic vessel
– Lymph transported through network of increasing larger vessels
• lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic
ducts
Clinical View: Metastasis
– Wandering cancerous cells establishing secondary tumors
• develop in other locations in the body (metastasis)
• e.g., breast cancer may metastasize to the lung
– Cancerous cells break free from primary tumor
• transported in the lymph
The lymphatic system is without a pump so what structures and mechanisms does it rely on to move lymph through vessels?
• contraction of nearby skeletal muscles in limbs
• contraction of respiratory pump in the torso
• pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries
• rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls
- some connecting directly to lymph nodes
Lymph nodes do what?
Filter lymph and remove unwanted substances
Lymph nodes are located where within the body?
Located both deep and superficially within the body
Lymph nodes typically occur how?
occur in clusters receiving lymph from body regions
Axillary lymph nodes in armpits receive lymph from where?
receive lymph from breast, axilla, and upper limb
Inguinal lymph nodes in groin receive lymph from where?
receive lymph from lower limb and pelvis
Afferent lymphatic vessels do what?
bring lymph into lobe
Efferent lymph vessels do what?
• drains node
Efferent lymph vessels originates at involuted portion on node called the what?
hilum
The capsule of the lymph node extends into the node called the what? What does this do?
- sends internal extension into it, trabeculae
* subdivide node into compartments
Lymph Flow Through Lymph Nodes (steps)
Enters node through afferent lymphatic vessels
– Makes its way through lymph node sinuses
– Lymph continuously monitored for presence of foreign material
– Macrophages
• remove foreign debris from the lymph
– Lymph exiting lymph node through efferent vessel
– May enter nearby lymph node in cluster
Swollen lymph nodes become tender why? its a sign of what?
become tender with infection
• sign that lymphocytes proliferating and fighting infection
• can palpate swollen superficial lymph nodes
Clinical View: Lymphoma
– Malignant neoplasm from lymphatic structures
– Nontender, enlarged lymph node
• possible night sweats, fever, and weight loss
Hodgkin lymphoma
- affects young adults and people over 60
* if caught early, cured by excision, radiation, and chemotherapy
– Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- more common
* some kinds aggressive, others slow growing
Whats the largest lymphatic organ?
the spleen
The spleen always contains a ____ where blood vessels and nerves enter.
hilum
The spleen is supplied by what?
Splenic artery
The spleen is drained by what?
Splenic vein
White pulp in the spleen is what?
Clusters of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages
The white pulp contains what type of artery?
Central artery
The spleen fucntions to filter what?
blood
White pulp lymphatic cells function to do what?
monitor blood for foreign materials and bacteria
The spleen also forms blood cells during fetal development until what month?
5th month
Monitoring Blood as it Flows Through the Spleen (blood enters..then steps)
– Blood first entering through central artery (white pulp)
– Travels through sinusoids of red pulp
• is in contact with splenic cords of red pulp
• macrophages here phagocytize:
– bacteria and foreign debris
– old and defective erythrocytes and platelets
– Travels through venules and out splenic vein
Clinical View: Splenectomy
Surgical removal of the spleen
– May be performed due to:
• ruptured spleen from abdominal injury (most common)
• infection, cyst, or tumor
• lymphoma or other cancer
• blood disorders (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
– May be more prone to life-threatening infection
Clinical View: Tonsillitis and Tonsillectomy
Acute tonsillitis, inflammation and infection of the tonsils
– Palatine tonsils most commonly affected
• redden and enlarge
• may partially obstruct pharynx
– Fever, chills, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing
– May be infected by viruses or bacteria
– Persistent recurrent infections, chronic tonsillitis
• may require tonsillectomy, surgical removal of tonsils
The immune system protects us from what?
– Protects us from infectious agents and harmful substances
• typically without our awareness
The function of the immune system is dependent on what?
on specific type of infectious agent
Infectious agents are organism that cause what?
damage or death to host organism
If an infectious agent causes harms it’s termed what?
pathogenic
What are the five major categories of infectious agents?
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protozoans
- multicellular parasites
Bacteria is what type of celled organism, what size is it usually and what 3 shapes doe sit come in ?
– Single-celled prokaryotic organisms – 1-2 micrometers, enclosed by cell wall – Come in multiple shapes • spherical (cocci) • rodlike (bacilli) • coiled (spirilla)
Some bacteria come with increased virulence which is what?
ability t cause serious illness
Why is virgulence increased
due to presence of external polysaccharide capsule
-others releasing enzymes or toxins
Are viruses cells?
no
Do viruses have DNA or RNA?
composed OF DNA or RNA
Viruses are bigger or smaller than bacteria?
smaller
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites which means what?
must enter cell to reproduce
How do viruses reproduce? steps
infected cell directed to synthesize copies of DNA or RNA and
capsid
• viral particles formed within infected cells
• released from them to infect surrounding cells
• cell ultimately killed by virus or immune system
Fungi is what type of cell
eukaryotic
Funci has a cell wall ___ to plasma membrane?
external
Fungi releases proteolytic enzymes which induce what?
inflammation causing redness and swelling
Protozoans are which type of cell?
eukaryotic cells
Protozoans lack what?
cell wall
Protozoans are ____ and ____ prasites?
intracellular and extracellular parasites
What are two examples of diseases protozoans cuase?
malaria and trichomoniasis
Multicellular parasites are ___ organisms>
nonmicroscopic organism
Multicellulr parasites resisde in host from which they take what?
nourishment
Examples of mulicelluar parasites are what?
parasitic worms and tapeworms
Prions ar neither ___ or ____.
cells or viruses
Prions are what?
small fragments of infectious proteins
Prions cause diseases where?
in nervous tissue
Creutzfeldt-jakob disease is also called what? Its caused by what? it can be spread from what to what by what?
also called mad cow disease
- caused by prions
- can be spread from cows to humans by consuming infected meat
Leukocytes are found in what type of bone marrow?
red bone marrow
3 types of granulocytes:
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Monocytes become what when what?
becomes macrophages when take up residence in tissue
Lymphocytes include:
b-lymphocytes, t-lymphocytes, NK cells
Innatue immunity protects against numerous __ ____.
different substances
Innate immunity comes later or born with it?
born with it
Innate immunity includes carriers of __ and ___ membranes. ___ cellular and ____ _____ defenses.
skin and muscosal membranes
- nonspecific cellular and molecular internal defenses
Innate immunity does not require what?
exposure to previous foreign substances
How does innate immunity respont to harmful agents?
responds immediately to potentially harmful agents
immunity invovleswhich specific cells?
t lymphocytes and b-lymphocytes
Adaptive immunity responds to which types of foreign substances
responds to different foreign substances
Adaptive immunity wont respond to what?
bacteria cuasing strept throat
How long does adaptive immunity take to be effective?
takes several days to e effective
Innate immunity responds ____ to a ______ of harmful substances
Respond nonspecifically to wide range of harmful substances
What is our first line of defense in innate immunity?
• skin and mucosal membrane
What is our seond life of defense with innate immunity ? (4)
- internal processes of innate immunity
- activities of neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells
- chemicals such as interferon and complement
- physiological processes such as inflammation and fever
the physical barrier of skin is formed by what?
epidermis and dermis
Skin releases___ substances like what 4 things?
antimicrobial substances —immunoglobulin A (IgA), lysozyme, sebum, defensins
Skin has a normal flora that helps prevent what?
• help prevent growth of pathogenic microorganisms
Mucosal memrane barriers produce what?
mucin
When musin is hydrated it forms what?
mucous
Most prevelant WBC in blood?
Neutrophil
FIrst cell to arrive during inflammatory response?
neutrophil
Macrophages reside where?
in tissues throughout the body
Macrophages arrive ___ and stay ___ than neutrophils
later and stay longer
Basophils and mast cells release ___ during inflammatory response?
granules
Basophils and mast cells contain Histamine that does what?
increases vasodilation and capillary permeability
Basophils and mast cells contain heparin which is an?
anticoagulant
Mast cells and basophils release ___ from the plasma membrane? it ___ during inflammation?
eicosanoids which increases during inflammation
NK cells destroy wide variety of what? give soem examples
destroy wide variety of unwanted cells
- virus and bacteria-infected cells, tumor cells, cells of transplanted tissue
NK cells are formed in what and circulate where?
fromed in bone marrow and circulate in blood
NK cells accumulate where in the lymphatic tissues?
accumulate in secondary lymphatic structures
NK cells patrol body detecting what? what is this termed?
– Patrol the body detecting unhealthy cells
• termed immune surveillance
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