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BIOL2022- Immunology, Infection & Inflammation > T cells lecture 1 > Flashcards

T cells lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive immunity is

A

Gradual response - over a few days
Targets specific pathogens
Highly diverse antigen receptors
Immunological Memory

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2
Q

Where do T cells arise?

A

Bone Marrow

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3
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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4
Q

Function of T cells

A

Kill infected cells
Help B cells
Kill tumour cell

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5
Q

What do T cells not produce?

A

Antibody

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6
Q

Surface receptors are called?

A

TCR
T cell receptors

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7
Q

How are infected cells recognised?

A

MHC molecules
On antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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8
Q

What kills infected cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

How can T cells identify infected cells?

A

Small pathogenic proteins expressed on surface of infected cells

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10
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells
T cells

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11
Q

Specific T cells found in blood periphery

A

CD4+
CD8

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12
Q

Other subset of T cell

A

T regulators

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13
Q

T cells are initially

A

Naive T cell type

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14
Q

T helper Cell

A

CD4+

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15
Q

CD4+ function

A

against intracellular bacteria + parasite
Help CD8+
Promote humoral immune defense

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16
Q

CD4 secreted molecules

A

IFN-Y
IL-2-4-5-10-13

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17
Q

CD8+ is?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

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18
Q

CD8+ secreted molecules

A

Perforin
Granzymes
IFNy

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19
Q

Function of CD8+

A

Activated - cytotoxic
Kill virus-infected cells
Kill tumour cells

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20
Q

How do T cells recognize an infected cell?

A

TCR

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21
Q

Structure of TCR

A

Heterodimer - a,b chains
Each chain has 2 domains -
- one variable
- one constant domain

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22
Q

What molecules does the TCR associate with

A

CD3

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23
Q

Function of CD3?

A

Allows signal to be fed into the cell

24
Q

CDR

A

Complementarity Determining Regions

25
Q

How many CDRs in TCR

A

3

26
Q

Where are CDRs found?

A

Variable region of TCR

27
Q

How does TCR interact with APCs?

A

MHC molecule recognised and binds to peptides from bacteria and virus.

28
Q

Why is T cell receptor diverse?

A

Allows T cells to recognise many specific pathogens

29
Q

How do T cells generate diversity to recognise many pathogens?

A

VDJ recombination

30
Q

TCR locus

A

Many genes
Rearrange to make many receptors

31
Q

VDJ recombination at the a locus

A

Join V segment to J segment

32
Q

Loci

A

a-chain locus
b-chain locus

33
Q

v

A

variable region

34
Q

J

A

Joining region

35
Q

D

A

Diversity segment

36
Q

C

A

constant segment

37
Q

CDR loops are more diverse in?

A

B chain

38
Q

B locus: Where does recombination takes place?

A

Recombination Signal Sequences
RSS

39
Q

B locus: enzyme

A

VDJ recombinase enzyme

40
Q

B locus: most important enzyme

A

RAG1
RAG2
Expressed in lymphocytes of T + B cell

41
Q

RAG1 + RAG2

A

Enzymes cut open DNA for recombination to occur

42
Q

What segmentd join at the most variable region?

A

D
J

43
Q

Why segments join at D and J genes?

A

Junction diversity
Extra nucleotides are added when DNA segments join

44
Q

Segment corrosponds to which loop of the TCR?

A

CDR3

45
Q

Combination Diversity

A

From different combination of gene segments

46
Q

Junction diversity

A

Addition of nucleotides when recombination occurs

47
Q

Steps of VDJ recombination occuring at signal sequences

A

RAG complex cleaves signal sequences
DNA hairpins forms
RAG complex with Artemis = hairpin single stranded
New nucleotides are added
Ends paired and repaired - coding joint

48
Q

How TCR detect pathogens?

A

MHC molecules

49
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

50
Q

Antigen Presentation

A

MHC bind proteins from virus/bacteria (antigenic peptides)
Present them to T cells
-can bind to self peptides from the cell

51
Q

MHC-1

A

3 extra cellular domain
a2 a1
a3 b2
Peptide binding = a2 a1
B2 microglobulin

52
Q

MHC II

A

Peptide binding a1 and b1
a1 b1
a2 b2

53
Q

MHC 1

A

Nucleated cell
Present endogenous antigens
Display self proteins, virus proteins, intracellular pathogen
Present to cytotoxic (CD8)

54
Q

MHC II

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Present exogenous antigens (extracellular, external)
Phagocytosis, receptor mediate endocytosis
Present to CD4 Helper T cells

55
Q

Where do peptides bind?

A

MHC cleft
1 - 8-10 aa
II - 13-25 aa

56
Q

MHC genes are…

A

Highly polymorphic

BIOL2022- Immunology, Infection & Inflammation (14 decks)

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