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BIOL2022- Immunology, Infection & Inflammation > Introduction to Immune System > Flashcards

Introduction to Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common progenitor of immune cells?

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)

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2
Q

What are 2 types of Hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Lymphoid cells
Myeloid Cells

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3
Q

Myeloid cell types are involved with which immunity?

A

Inn(m)ate
Innate immunity

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4
Q

Lymphoid cell type are involved in which immunity?

A

Adaptive Immunity

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5
Q

Define Innate immunity.

A

Quick
Non- specific
No immunological Memory

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6
Q

What does innate Immunity involve?

A

Complement Activation
Phagocytosis
Cytokine signaling
Express receptors

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7
Q

What is complement activation?

A

CompL(lysis)ement
Direct Lysis of pathogen

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Pathogen uptake
Elimination of pathogen

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9
Q

What is cytokine signalling?

A

Cytokines/ interferons released from dendritic cells
Involved in inflammatory reaction
V(I)ruses- nterferons

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10
Q

Define Adaptive immunity.

A

Long term
Specific to antigen
Lag time from exposure to response
Immunological memory after exposure

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11
Q

What does adaptive immunity involve?

A

Antigen Presentation
T-helper cells -> help B cells -> attack by antibodies
-> Cytotoxic T cell -> attack on virus-infected cell
Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)

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12
Q

Key steps in innate immunity?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Recognition of pathogens by sensors
  3. Activation of myeloid cells and inflammation
  4. Removal of infectious agent
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13
Q

Key steps in adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Stimulation of T and B cells in Lymphoid organs
  3. Expansion and training of effector T and B cells
  4. Migration to infection site
  5. Removal of infectious agent
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14
Q

Explain innate immune signaling.

A

Pattern recognition receptors on the surface and inside cells act as sensors.
This leads to the transcription of genes that encode cytokines and interferons.
Cytokines and interferons are messengers.
Recruiting other cells to remove the infectious agent.

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15
Q

Explain the main pathway of adaptive immunity.

A
  1. Virus infects and replicates within the epithelium
  2. Dentric cells divide and get activated and take infection to the lymph node.
  3. T and B cell priming in the lymph node.
  4. Adaptive immunity - Antibodies and T cells attack viruses and virus-infected cells.
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16
Q

What are the 2 types of pathways of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cells
  2. B cells
17
Q

Explain the action of cytotoxic T cells.

A

Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells.
Present viral genome on the infected cell surface.
Recognized by Cytotoxic T cell.
T cells kill the infected cell.

18
Q

Explain the action of B cells?

A

B cells produce antibodies that bind to antigens and neutralize the pathogen.
Prevents pattern recognition of cells -> virus cannot bind
Cells not affected by the virus.
Antibodies are antigen-specific.

19
Q

Vaccination is explained by which response?

A

Memory Response
Improved Specificity and efficiency

20
Q

Describe the memory response curve.

A

The concentration of antibodies against time.
Start - initial exposure of infectious agent = Low concentration of antibodies -> Primary Immune response
Secondary Immune Response
-> Greater concentration of antibodies (stronger response)

21
Q

Why is there a stronger immune response with secondary exposure of the same infectious agent?

A

Immune Memory

22
Q

Is the primary immune response efficient?

A

Yes
But not as POTENT as a secondary response.

23
Q

Who are naive individuals?

A

Symptomatic
No memory response

24
Q

Who are immune individuals?

A

Asymptomatic
T cells
Antibody released from blood plasma

25
Q

Define herd immunity.

A

The process by which the community has sufficient protection to stop the spread of infection.

26
Q

Explain herd immunity in terms of…
No immunization: No Social Distancing

A

-> SPREAD: Infection passes freely among individuals
-> END OUTCOME: Relatively higher deceased individuals
Herd immunity not achieved

27
Q

Explain herd immunity in terms of…
Immunization: No Social Distancing

A

-> SPREAD: Isolated individuals slow the spread of infection
-> END OUTCOME: Higher healthier individuals, few immunities acquired, and very few deceased.
Herd immunity not achieved

28
Q

Explain herd immunity in terms of…
Immunization: Vaccine-acquired

A

-> SPREAD: Infection cannot pass freely among individuals.
-> END OUTCOME: Higher number of individuals with immunity acquired, healthy individuals, extremely low deceased ratio.
Herd immunity acheived

29
Q

What percentage of individuals need to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?

A

95%

30
Q

What are the 2 arms of the immune response?

A

Humoral and Cellular

31
Q

What is the humoral component of innate immunity?

A

Pattern Receptors on the cell surface
Complement
Enzymes
Cytokines

32
Q

What is the cellular component of innate immunity?

A

Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells (overlay with adaptive immunity)

33
Q

What is the humoral component of adaptive immunity?

A

Antibodies
Cytokines

34
Q

What is the cellular component of adaptive immunity?

A

T cells
B cells

BIOL2022- Immunology, Infection & Inflammation (14 decks)

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