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Psychological Disorders > SZ Psychological models > Flashcards

SZ Psychological models Flashcards

1
Q

Psychosis

A

loss of touch with consensual reality

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2
Q

Bleuler (1915) definitions of
SZ
positive
negative

A

split mind
excesses/ distorions
behavioural deficits

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3
Q

Positive symptoms

A

delusions
disorganised speech/ thought disorder/ loosened associations
heightened perception/ hallucinations
inappropriate affect

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4
Q

Negative symptoms (4As)

A

avolition
alogia (poverty of speech)
anhedonia/ flat affect
asociality

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5
Q

Psychomotor symptoms

A

catatonia

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6
Q

How do diagnose SZ?
rule out
duration
symptom criteria

A

rule out mood/ organic/ substance-induced disorder
overall presence for >6 months
2+ of the following for >1 month
- one positive symptom
decline in self-care, occupational +// social functioning

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7
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

symptoms for 1-6 months

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8
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

symptoms for 1 day- 1 month

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9
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

many episodes of mood disorder (mania+//depression) and at least 2 weeks of mood disorder-free psychosis

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10
Q

SZ tends to be first diagnosed in

A

early adulthood

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11
Q

Saha (2005) lifetime prevalence

A

1/250

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12
Q

Galderisi (2013)
x leading cause of disability in M/ x in F
SZ die x years before average population

A

5th, 6th

12-15 years

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13
Q

Longden (2012) what percentage of people hear voices in life?

A

8% general population

40% student population

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14
Q

Cognitive deficits approach

Rosenfarb (2000)

A

(biological) impairments in perception, memory, attention

makes it hard to cope with environmental stress

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15
Q

Cognitive biases approach

description

A

traumatic events in childhood can affect ways we interpret info in later life

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16
Q

Cognitive biases description of verbal hallucinations

A

difficulty distinguishing in/external thoughts/voices
beliefs/ explanations affect distress levels
worse when highly aroused

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17
Q

Cognitive biases delusions= normal…

A

resistance to change
bias towards confirmatory evidence
thinking errors eg jumping to conclusions

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18
Q

Freeman+ Garety (2004)

A

VR study on persecutory delusions

10-25% populations have persecutory thoughts at any one time

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19
Q

Delusions are attempts to explain experience

A 
ambiguous social information
coincidences
negative, irritating, stressful events- vulnerability/ anxiety
importance of internal feelings
reasoning processes
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20
Q

Token economy programmes
reference?
what does it reduce?
how does it reduce it?

A

Ayllon+ Michael (1959)

operant conditioning to reduce symptom expression

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21
Q

Social skills training
reference?
3 aspects?

A

Huxley (2000)
role playing
modelling
positive reinforcement

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22
Q

Beck+ Rector (2000)

reattribution therapy

A
  • question where voices come from+ use behavioural testing
  • explore alternative beliefs about the hallucinations
  • test reality of belief+ their supporting evidence
  • develop coping strategies (eg music)
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23
Q

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

A

Hayes+ Lillis (2012)
accept problematic thoughts rather than judging/ changing them
become detached observers of hallucinations

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24
Q

Cognitive-behavioural evaluation

A

usually used with meds in SZ

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25
Q

Schwartz et al (2012)

A

TEP+ SST= relatively successful but may not generalise/ last (Benton+ Schroeder, 1990)
50% decrease in rehospitalisations when SZ is Rx with CBT

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26
Q

NICE recommended Rx for SZ

A

CBT, but often unavailable

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27
Q

Freud (1924)

A

regression to pre-ego, symptoms/ efforts to re-establish control
unsuitable for psychoanalysis
insight means agreeing with stigmatising/ dubious diagnosis

28
Q

Psychodynamic aetiology
Fromm-Reichmann (1948)
Jung (1953)
Sullivan (1953)

A

schizophrenogenic mothers
invasion of unconscious material
difficulties arising from personal/ social relationships

29
Q

Psychodynamic treatment

how does it increase insight?

A
  • interpret covert meaning behind symptoms
  • explore past experiences/ seek connections with present
  • intensive in time/ emotion
30
Q

Willick (2001) meta-analysis

A

little evidence for schizophrenogenic mothers

31
Q

Stone (1986)

A

Rx may expose patients to memories/ insights that they’re unable to deal with emotionally

32
Q

Gottdiener (2006)

CBT vs psychodynamic vs no Rx

A

similarly to CBT, 67% with psychodynamic Rx will improve compared to 34% who don’t get Rx

33
Q

Social approach aetiology
Mechanic et al (1994)
Bebbington+ Kuipers (2011)
Fox (1990)

A

acceptance of label associated with low mood/ self-esteem
high expressed emotions
sociogenic hypothesis vs social selection theory

34
Q

Social treatment= rehabilitation

A

focus changes from reducing symptoms to prevention of relapse to improved functioning in the world

35
Q

Millieu therapy

A

Maxwell Jones (1953)

36
Q

Gunter (2005)

A

therapeutic communities+ community

37
Q

Warner (1994)

A

occupational therapy

employment has a huge positive impact

38
Q

Burbach (2010)

A

family interventions

39
Q

Social evaluation

A

draws attention to the cultural biases+ vulnerabilities of minority population

40
Q

Fernando (1995) and Lawson (2008)

A

black people are more likely to be diagnosed with SZ, be detained by compulsion, receive higher doses of neurolepric medication

41
Q

Russinova (2002)

A

vocational recovery+ success are viable outcomes for people with SZ spectrum disorders

42
Q

Burns+ Drake (2011)

A

community care shows promise

often too poorly resourced+ coordinated

43
Q

Stress-vulnerability model

Tost+ Meyer Lindenberg (2012)

A 
prime environmental suspects
urban upbringing
migration
disintegration of family networks
social fragmentation
growing class differences
minority status
social marginalisation
things that make you different from social surroundings
44
Q

Freeman+ Garety (2004)

VR study

A

methodology should differentiate suspicions/ persecutory thoughts from realistic/ appropriate worries
increased paranoia in daily life associated with VR suspicion

45
Q

Oltmann’s (1988) criteria for it to be delusional

A

not shared, firm, evidence against, preoccupation, functional interference, don’t try to resist

46
Q

Delusions

Freeman+ Garety (2004)

A

attempts to explain ambiguous social information/ internal states

47
Q

Freeman+ Garety (2004)

Suspicious thoughts increase after

A

distress eg bullying/ isolation

48
Q

Freeman+ Garety (2004)

Are suspicious beliefs influenced by previous experiences?

A

Yes

49
Q

Freeman+ Garety (2004)

How does lack of trust in others/ isolation worsen perceived threat?

A

alone rumination/ prevents discussion of these thoughts

50
Q

Freeman+ Garety (2004)

Beliefs that the persecutor= powerful increases/ decreases levels of depression?

A

increases

51
Q

Freeman+ Garety (2004)

Treatment

A

explains experiences/ alternatives/ adapt situation to increase understanding to prevent rumination/ interference/ distress
not stopping thoughts

52
Q

Fox (1990) SSDHfSMI

A

Social selection- drift hypothesis for serious mental illness

  • intergenerational social mobility differences between SMI+ genpop in previous studies barely support this
  • log-linear analysis
53
Q

Fox (1990)

Social causation perspective hypothesis

A

class causes SMI

54
Q 
Fox (1990) 
SSDH says class is associated with SMI
A

SMI causes no increase/ a decrease in class

55
Q

Fox (1990)

Results supporting SSDH are based on

A

methods/ assumptions which lack support when tested with newer techniques

56
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

Voice hearing- dissociative or psychotic?

A

dissociative

supported by clinical+ epidemiological research

57
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

A

general population

adolescents> adults

58
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

Voice hearing is

A

dissociated/ disowned parts of self

results from trauma/ loss/ stress

59
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012) how should clinicians use psychotherapeutic methods to

A

integrate life events as precipitating +// maintaining factors for distressing voices

60
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

Voice hearing

A

experience without stimulus, human, conscious, non-organic, state dependent

61
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

APA: dissociation is

A

defence to trauma= abnormal psychobiological functioning

manifestations include depersonalisation, derealisation, identity confusion, psychogenic amnesia

62
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

when dissociation becomes a habitual way of responding to anxiety, it leads to

A

impairment/ distress

63
Q

Read (2001)

A

SZ aetiology= post-traumatic

64
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

Those abused <16 are sig. more likely to

A

experience VH/ delusions

65
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

VH can precipitate PTSD

A

esp with inhumane Rx

severity of trauma associated with symptoms

66
Q

Longden+ Waterman (2012)

HIT helps

A

hallucinations- focused integrative therapy

Psychological Disorders (7 decks)

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