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Psychological Disorders > AD Psychological models > Flashcards

AD Psychological models Flashcards

1
Q

DSM 5 ADs

A

GAD, PD, phobias (specific, agora, social)

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2
Q

Diffuse anxiety

A

no specific object/ situation threatens them, but they still feel very anxious

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3
Q 
GAD
worry is...
lasts...
about ? activities/ events
accompanied by
A 
chronic, uncontrollable and excessive
>3 months
2+
restlessness, muscle tension
significant distress/ impairment
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4
Q

Panic disorder
(un) or expected?
attacks of terror are
?duration of persistent concerns about attacks +//
significant maladaptive change in ? related to them

A

both
sudden/ repeated, overwhelming
>1 month
behaviour

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5
Q

Comorbidity

A

“with anxious distress” helps rate severity

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6
Q

Fear

A

about a specific dangerous object/ situation

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7
Q

Phobias

fear lasting ? which is out of proportion to the actual danger/ threat of the stimulus (after taking what into account?)

A

> 6 months

cultural context

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8
Q

Social anxiety disorder/ phobia
description
duration
specifier

A

fear of social situations where one is exposed to the scrutiny of others
>6 months
“performance only” specifier

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9
Q

Agoraphobia
description
duration
specifier

A

fear of venturing into public spaces
>6 months
experienced in at least 2 different situations

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10
Q

Anxiety inferred

A

isn’t experienced, but exists to explain symptoms

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11
Q

OCD
description
specifiers

A

recurrent obsessions, compulsions
time consuming- distress/ impairment
tic-related; with good/ fair/ poor/ absent insight/ delusional symptoms

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12
Q 
Baxter et al (2013)
prevalence
gender
>55s
culture
A

global prevalence of ADs= 7.3%
women 2x likely to be diagnosed with AD (OCD= equal)
20% less likely to have AD/ OCD compared to younger adults
20-50% lower anxiety risk in non-Euro/Anglo cultures

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13
Q 
Behavioural aetiology (phobias)
Mowrer (1947) avoidance-conditioning formulation
A

Watson+ Raynor (1920)= learned through classical conditioning
maintained through operant conditioning

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14
Q 
Behavioural aetiology (phobias)
Bandura (1986)
A

modelling

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15
Q

Behavioural Rx (phobias)

A 
systematic desensitisation (Wolpe, 1958)
flooding
modelling
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16
Q

Behavioural Rx for social anxiety

A

social skills training, relaxation, exposure

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17
Q

Behavioural Rx for OCD

A

ritual/ response prevention

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18
Q

Opris (2012)

A

VR exposure Rx (behavioural model)

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19
Q

Behavioural evaluation

A

difference between ADs concerns how much exposure is arranged/ what situations the patient must confront
effective Rx for OCD+ social anxiety

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20
Q

Deacon+ Abramowitz (2004)
biological Rx
congitive Rx

A

behavioural Rx= effective for OCD/ social anxiety

cognitive Rx= useful in combination with other Rx

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21
Q

Seligman (1971)

Behavioural cons

A

preparedness theory/ selectivity of phobias
non-traumatic phobias (modelling)
prediction
cognitive change

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22
Q

Clark (1996) cognitive aetiology for panic disorders

A

catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily stimuli

in/external trigger stimulus- perceived threat- apprehension- bodily sensations- interpret these as catastrophic

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23
Q

Cognitive Rx

A

reinterpret scary bodily sensations as due to stress rather than impending dooooom

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24
Q

Cognitive-behavioural approach

A

exposure= mimic start of attack (hyperventilating)
make cognitive link between behaviour+ sensations
combine with relaxation and social support

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25
Q

Tzourmanis (2009)

A

variant (cognitive analytic therapy) shown to be an effective brief Rx for panic disorder, with maintained benefits at one year follow-up

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26
Q

Cognitive evaluation

A

difference between disorders depends on what situations are seen as dangerous and what misfortunes are expected to occur

27
Q

Cognitive benefits

A

better than behavioural for diffuse ADs (PD/GAD) as no specific trigger
useful in combo with other Rx (Deacon+ Abramowitz, 2004)

28
Q

Prevalent Rx for ADs

A

CBT

29
Q

Cognitive problems

A

usefulness depends on AD

behavioural Rx can be more cost-effective

30
Q

Psychodynamic aetiology

A

theory based on attempts to shield ourselves from anxiety

31
Q

Type of AD depends on

Psychodynamic approach

A

psychosexual stage at which one is fixated

the defence mechanisms used to protect from id impulses (only partly successful)

32
Q

OCD is fixation at the ___ stage, reaction formation to ______, obtrusive thoughts linked to ____

A

anal
id impulses
unconscious id impulses

33
Q

Psychodynamic treatment

A

free association
dreams
transferance
(insight into unconscious conflict)

34
Q

McGehee (2005) psychodynamic theories may demonstrate success on what basis?

A

a case by case basis

35
Q

Mukhopadhyay (2010) neuroimaging shows that

A

sexual/ aggressive impulses lower processing speed in OCD

36
Q

Bram+ Bjorginsonn (2004) problems with psychodynamic theory

A

little evidence that Rx are effective in OCD

37
Q

Baxter (2013)

A

conflict populations 60% more likely to report anxiety

lower incomes= more likely to be diagnosed with ADs

38
Q

McShane (2011)

A

higher incomes more likely to be diagnosed with ADs

39
Q

Stein+ Williams (2010) run down-communities have

A

higher GAD

40
Q

Marques (2011) race+ GAD

A

blacks 30% more likely to have GAD than whites

41
Q

Social treatment

A

support system+ political action
international aid+ community support
civil rights
egalitarianism

42
Q

Social evaluation

A

why some develop it, and others don’t

43
Q

Bond+ Lader (1996)
precipitants of disorders
rank from internal to external
which 2 disorders are trauma/ stress related?

A

intrusive thoughts/ imagined harm- OCD
intense autonomic symptoms- PD
the world: chronic apprehension- GAD
feared situation/ object- Phobias
stressful life change- acute stress disorder
life threatening situation- PTSD
(ASD+ PTSD are trauma/ stress-related disorders)

44
Q

Huppert (2009) and Mineka (1998)

which 5 models are included in the integrative hierarchical model of anxiety+ depression

A 
tripartite
cognitive
biological
psychodynamic
social
45
Q

Watson+ Rayner (1920)

A

kid conditioned to fear rat, no transferance to blocks, transferance to similar looking/ feeling things, small dark room
when done in brighter/ bigger room, fear response decreased
emotional transfers occur (a lot)
conditioned responses last >1 month (decreased)
sucking thumb (erogenous) blocked fear responses
fear= inherent/ primal and influences personality
?phobias= (in)direct true conditioned emotional reactions
emotional disturbances in adults can’t be traced back to sex alone

46
Q

Mineka, Watson+ Clark (1998)

A

Europe- mood disorders= A+D

America- splitting> lumping

47
Q

Anxiety+ depression overlaps a lot

A

Clark et al (1995)

48
Q 
Mineka, Watson+ Clark (1998)
Rank in order of suicide attempts
depression
substance abuse
anxiety+ depression
A

SA
A+D
D

49
Q

Mineka, Watson+ Clark (1998)

Reasons A+D are often one factor in kids

A

less differentiated or worse assessment tools

50
Q

Mineka, Watson+ Clark (1998)

Are ADs more comorbid with each other or depression?

A

depression

51
Q

Mineka, Watson+ Clark (1998) which precedes the other?

A

A precedes D

also said by Huppert, 2009

52
Q

Huppert (2009) A+D co-occur in what % of patients?

A

20-40%

53
Q

Huppert (2009) which AD does depression overlap most/ least with?

A

GAD/ phobias

also less symptom overlap in PD, OCD+ SP

54
Q

Huppert (2009) similarities in A+D

A

overlapping diagnostic criteria, genetics, neurophysiology/chemistry, negative affect/ temperament, perceived control, interpersonal mechanisms, biases in information processing
(support from genetic/ twin studies)

55
Q

Huppert (2009) risk of having an AD if you have a mood disorder is ?x higher?
risk of getting MDD if you have an AD is ?x higher than genpop?

A

3-20

5-8

56
Q

Huppert (2009) possible reasons for the AD/MDD overlap

A 
they're different phases of an underlying disorder (common neuroticism)
one is a risk factor for the other
overlapping genetics/ aetiology
5-HTT gene (amygdala/ cingulate effects)
reciprocal causation
57
Q

Huppert (2009) GAD overlap symptoms

A

fatigue, sleep disturbance, poor concentration

58
Q

Brown et al (2001) what percentage of MDD meet criteria for GAD if you remove rule-out criteria?

A

~50%

59
Q

Huppert (2009) what AD may lead to depression?

A

PTSD

60
Q

Watson (2005) PTSD+ GAD should be classed as

A

distress disorders

61
Q

Huppert (2009) difference between SAD+ MDD?

A

SAD= bad feedback from others, MDD= self

62
Q

Huppert (2009) OCD doesn’t respond to TCAs, what about SSRIs?

A

they work in different brain areas, obsession vs rumination

63
Q

Huppert (2009) what increases likelihood of AD remission after Rx?

A

comorbid depression

64
Q

Barlow’s hierarchical model of ADs

A

unique components with underlying negative affect

Psychological Disorders (7 decks)

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