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Psychological Disorders > Psychological Models- Lecture One- condense this > Flashcards

Psychological Models- Lecture One- condense this Flashcards

1
Q

Pros of classifying MDs

A

helps determine clinical features
systemises diagnosis
shared understandings

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2
Q

Cons of classifying MDs

A

stigmatises
pigeon holing
natural vs constructed categories

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3
Q

Biological model

A

MD is due to physical+// chemical changes/ deficits in the brain +// body

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4
Q

Pros of the biological model

A

researches heritability
role of NTs
efficacy of some biological Rx

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5
Q

Cons of the biological model

A

biological Rx =/= biological cause
problem situated in patient’s body
passive patient
relapse

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6
Q

Behavioural model

A

symptoms/ behaviours= main features

learning theory= origin/ persistence of MD

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7
Q

Types of learning

A 
Classical conditioning (association)
Operant conditioning (consequences)
Modelling (copying)
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8
Q

Behavioural pros

A

scientific, clear concepts, effective Rx (for ADs)

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9
Q

Behavioural cons

A

symptom substitution, therapies= crude/ mechanistic, poor explanatory model, mental processes

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10
Q

Cognitive model

A

world view= determined by thinking (cognition), which influences symptoms, behaviours and attitudes
dysfunctional cognition causes MDs
change in MD linked to change in cognition

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11
Q

Cognitive pros

A

clear concepts, scientific, effective Rx (esp. when combined with behavioural elements)

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12
Q

Cognitive cons

A

poor explanatory model, changed thinking =/= changed behaviour, individualistic

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13
Q

Psychodynamic model

A 
focuses on pattern of feelings, we're unaware of many influential feelings
imbalance in (usually normal) feelings, inconsistencies and irrationalities
unconscious processes= influential in all relationships and are expressed in symbols (eg dreams)
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14
Q

Transference

A

important feelings manifest as emotional reactions to the therapist

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15
Q

Counter-transference

A

therapist’s reactions to the patient (just as important)

try to be objective/ non-judgemental

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16
Q

Psychodynamic pros

A

enduring contribution, emphasis on childhood experiences, idea of unconscious influencing behaviour

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17
Q

Psychodynamic cons

A

not objective/ scientific, relies on anecdotal evidence, findings based on small group of middle class Viennese, power of therapist, insight into problems =/= resolution

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18
Q

Social model

A

MD triggered by life events that appear to be independent of the disorder
precipitants= class, job, social role
patients often remain disordered due to societal influences

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19
Q

Social pros

A

attention to role of society/ traumatic events

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20
Q

Social cons

A

how can a therapist treat social issues?

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21
Q

Integrated model

A

several levels of functioning
MD can affect multiple levels/ change
one model links to one function
successful Rx dictated by appropriate level’s recommended management
multi-disciplinary approaches
can be used alongside stress-vulnerability model

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22
Q

Stress-vulnerability model at what levels?

A

biological, cognitive +// emotional

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23
Q

T+S Biological

A

antidepressants (psychiatrist)

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24
Q

T+S Behavioural

A

rewarding outgoing social behaviour (clinical psychologist)

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25
T+S Cognitive
encourage functional thinking (clinical psychologist)
26
T+S Psychodynamic
facilitate exploration of feelings (psychotherapist)
27
T+S Social
provide support/ care (social worker)
28
Limitations of familial resemblances approach
appearance may mislead, observers differ, actor vs observer
29
4Ds of abnormality | vague/ subjective criteria
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger (exception, rather than rule= Stuber 2014)
30
Rosenthal effect
experimenter isn't blinded and subconsciously gives it away
31
Analogue experiments
lab-induced behaviour that resembles real-life abnormal behaviour- test these as a proxy eg learned helplessness (Seligman)
32
Corpus callosum
connects hemispheres
33
Basal ganglia
planning/ producing movements
34
Hpc
emotions/ memory
35
amygdala
emotional meaning
36
Huntingdon's
loss of cells in basal ganglia and cortex | violent emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, involuntary movements, absurd beliefs
37
endocrine system
homeostasis+ hormones
38
what does stress cause secretion of?
stress- adrenal glands- cortisol (abnormal secretions- mood/ ADs)
39
Biological causes of MDs
genetics (often polygenetic, mood/MDs/ SZ) evolution (anxiety) viral (SZ exposure in childhood/ pregnancy, dormant until adolescence; also linked to AD,DD,BD+psychotic disorders= Lin 2014)
40
Model
set of assumptions/ concepts that help scientists explain/ interpret observations aka a paradigm
41
Biological Rx
psychotropic drugs (50s), ECT, surgery
42
Biological Rx cons
not all behaviour can be explained/ Rx biologically | SE
43
ECT voltage
65-140 volts
44
ECT seizure duration
up to a few mins
45
ECT sessions
7-9, spaced 2/3 days apart
46
ECT used on tens of thousands who don't respond to other MDD Rx
Dukart (2014)
47
Neurosurgery
Developed by Moniz in 1930s Lobotomy= cut frontal lobes/ lower regions of the brain Modern= more precise, but experimental for severe disorders lasting years that don't respond to other Rx
48
Psychodynamic model
unconscious psychological forces are dynamic linked to early relationships/ traumatic childhood theories= deterministic (nothing is accidental) all behaviour is determined by past experiences
49
Non-Freudian psychodynamic explanations
human functioning is shaped by dynamic psychological forces ego theorists self theorists Object relation theorists
50
Ego theorists
ego is more powerful than Freud thought (Sharf, 2015)
51
Self theorists
self (unified personality)= basic human motive is to strengthen wholeness of self (Dunn, 2013)
52
Object relation theorists
we're motivated by need for relationships- severe problems lead to abnormal development (Yun, 2013)
53
Id
``` denotes instinctual needs, drives and impulses pleasure principle (seeks gratification) all id instincts= sexual/ libido fuels id kids get pleasure from nursing, defecating, masturbating/ activities with sexual ties ```
54
Ego
unconsciously seeks gratification reality principle= reason, unacceptable to express id acts as a guide ego defence mechanisms control id impulses/ reduce anxiety they cause repression stops impulses from reaching consciousness
55
Defence mechanisms
``` repression projection rationalisation displacement intellectualisation regression ```
56
Superego
grows from ego conscience- represents one's values/ ideals (which we unconsciously adopt from parents) morality principle
57
morality principle
sense of what's right/ wrong
58
Id/ego/superego conflict
constant healthy= compromise/ effective working relationship excessive leads to dyfunction
59
Development
ageing- new events- i/e/s need adjustment- success- personal growth failure= fixation at an early stage of development (hinders later development) parents= key in early life so cause improper development
60
Developmental stages (ages)
``` Oral (0-1.5) Anal (1.5-3) Phallic (3-5) Latency (5-12) Genital (12-adult) ```
61
Oral fixation
fear of mother disappearing extreme dependence/ mistrust prone to depression
62
What theories are modern psychodynamic theories based on?
self/ object relations theory
63
Psychodynamic therapy
``` aim to uncover past trauma/ resultant inner conflicts- resolve them techniques: free association therapist interpretation catharsis working through ```
64
Free association
patient describes any thought/ feeling/image that comes to mind (even if seemingly unimportant) to uncover unconscious events
65
Dreams
reveal unconscious (less repressed)- manifest content, what's remembered- therapist- latent= symbolic meaning
66
Resistance
unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy
67
Transference
redirection towards psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in patient's life (past/ present) act with therapist as you would with them
68
Catharsis
reliving past repressed feelings in order to settle internal feelings/ overcome problems
69
Working through
examining same issues repeatedly (takes years)
70
Short-term psychodynamic therapies
several short versions, pick a single (dynamic) problem to focus on few studies have tested effectiveness, but do support
71
Relational psychoanalytic therapy
therapist reactions, beliefs, disclosures are included- equal relationship with patient Freud thought they should be neutral/ distant
72
Psychodynamic cons
concepts= hard to research id/ego= abstract, can't know for certain they exist research= mostly case study However, long-term psychodynamic therapy helps in long-term complex disorders
73
Behavioural model
life experiences in/external behaviours= response to environment learning principles
74
Behavioural Rx
``` replace via conditioning/ modelling systematic desensitisation (CC) in phobias (fear hierarchy)- taught relaxation first ```
75
Behavioural pros
can be tested in lab= measurable/ observable can create clinical symptoms using these methods research= helps with phobias, OCD, social deficits
76
Behavioural cons
improvements in therapy may not carry on in real life/ continue without therapy too simplistic cognitive-behavioural model is better (eg self efficacy+ cognitive processes)
77
Cognitive model
Early 60s- Ellis and Beck disturbing/ inaccurate assumptions/ attitudes+ illogical thinking (eg overgeneralisation) lead to self-defeating conclusions
78
Cognitive therapy
``` recognise/ change faulty thinking processes negative thoughts biased interpretations logical errors Beck's approach= better than no Rx ```
79
CBT
including group/ cyber impressive esp in MDD, PD, social phobia, sexual dysfunctions
80
Cognitive cons
could be a consequence, not cause changing cognition- ?enough/ general/ lasting we're more than just thoughts- consider value/ meaning/ approach to life (humanist-existential)
81
ACT
``` acceptance and commitment therapy accept problematic thoughts don't try to change them mindfulness (pay attention to feelings) helpful in anxiety and depression ```
82
Other models
humanist-existential | sociocultural

Psychological Disorders (7 decks)

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