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Psychological Disorders > Psychological Models- Lecture One- condense this > Flashcards

Psychological Models- Lecture One- condense this Flashcards

1
Q

Pros of classifying MDs

A

helps determine clinical features
systemises diagnosis
shared understandings

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2
Q

Cons of classifying MDs

A

stigmatises
pigeon holing
natural vs constructed categories

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3
Q

Biological model

A

MD is due to physical+// chemical changes/ deficits in the brain +// body

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4
Q

Pros of the biological model

A

researches heritability
role of NTs
efficacy of some biological Rx

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5
Q

Cons of the biological model

A

biological Rx =/= biological cause
problem situated in patient’s body
passive patient
relapse

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6
Q

Behavioural model

A

symptoms/ behaviours= main features

learning theory= origin/ persistence of MD

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7
Q

Types of learning

A 
Classical conditioning (association)
Operant conditioning (consequences)
Modelling (copying)
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8
Q

Behavioural pros

A

scientific, clear concepts, effective Rx (for ADs)

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9
Q

Behavioural cons

A

symptom substitution, therapies= crude/ mechanistic, poor explanatory model, mental processes

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10
Q

Cognitive model

A

world view= determined by thinking (cognition), which influences symptoms, behaviours and attitudes
dysfunctional cognition causes MDs
change in MD linked to change in cognition

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11
Q

Cognitive pros

A

clear concepts, scientific, effective Rx (esp. when combined with behavioural elements)

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12
Q

Cognitive cons

A

poor explanatory model, changed thinking =/= changed behaviour, individualistic

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13
Q

Psychodynamic model

A 
focuses on pattern of feelings, we're unaware of many influential feelings
imbalance in (usually normal) feelings, inconsistencies and irrationalities
unconscious processes= influential in all relationships and are expressed in symbols (eg dreams)
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14
Q

Transference

A

important feelings manifest as emotional reactions to the therapist

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15
Q

Counter-transference

A

therapist’s reactions to the patient (just as important)

try to be objective/ non-judgemental

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16
Q

Psychodynamic pros

A

enduring contribution, emphasis on childhood experiences, idea of unconscious influencing behaviour

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17
Q

Psychodynamic cons

A

not objective/ scientific, relies on anecdotal evidence, findings based on small group of middle class Viennese, power of therapist, insight into problems =/= resolution

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18
Q

Social model

A

MD triggered by life events that appear to be independent of the disorder
precipitants= class, job, social role
patients often remain disordered due to societal influences

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19
Q

Social pros

A

attention to role of society/ traumatic events

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20
Q

Social cons

A

how can a therapist treat social issues?

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21
Q

Integrated model

A

several levels of functioning
MD can affect multiple levels/ change
one model links to one function
successful Rx dictated by appropriate level’s recommended management
multi-disciplinary approaches
can be used alongside stress-vulnerability model

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22
Q

Stress-vulnerability model at what levels?

A

biological, cognitive +// emotional

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23
Q

T+S Biological

A

antidepressants (psychiatrist)

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24
Q

T+S Behavioural

A

rewarding outgoing social behaviour (clinical psychologist)

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25
Q

T+S Cognitive

A

encourage functional thinking (clinical psychologist)

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26
Q

T+S Psychodynamic

A

facilitate exploration of feelings (psychotherapist)

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27
Q

T+S Social

A

provide support/ care (social worker)

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28
Q

Limitations of familial resemblances approach

A

appearance may mislead, observers differ, actor vs observer

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29
Q

4Ds of abnormality

vague/ subjective criteria

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger (exception, rather than rule= Stuber 2014)

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30
Q

Rosenthal effect

A

experimenter isn’t blinded and subconsciously gives it away

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31
Q

Analogue experiments

A

lab-induced behaviour that resembles real-life abnormal behaviour- test these as a proxy
eg learned helplessness (Seligman)

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32
Q

Corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

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33
Q

Basal ganglia

A

planning/ producing movements

34
Q

Hpc

A

emotions/ memory

35
Q

amygdala

A

emotional meaning

36
Q

Huntingdon’s

A

loss of cells in basal ganglia and cortex

violent emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, involuntary movements, absurd beliefs

37
Q

endocrine system

A

homeostasis+ hormones

38
Q

what does stress cause secretion of?

A

stress- adrenal glands- cortisol (abnormal secretions- mood/ ADs)

39
Q

Biological causes of MDs

A

genetics (often polygenetic, mood/MDs/ SZ)
evolution (anxiety)
viral (SZ exposure in childhood/ pregnancy, dormant until adolescence; also linked to AD,DD,BD+psychotic disorders= Lin 2014)

40
Q

Model

A

set of assumptions/ concepts that help scientists explain/ interpret observations aka a paradigm

41
Q

Biological Rx

A

psychotropic drugs (50s), ECT, surgery

42
Q

Biological Rx cons

A

not all behaviour can be explained/ Rx biologically

SE

43
Q

ECT voltage

A

65-140 volts

44
Q

ECT seizure duration

A

up to a few mins

45
Q

ECT sessions

A

7-9, spaced 2/3 days apart

46
Q

ECT used on tens of thousands who don’t respond to other MDD Rx

A

Dukart (2014)

47
Q

Neurosurgery

A

Developed by Moniz in 1930s
Lobotomy= cut frontal lobes/ lower regions of the brain
Modern= more precise, but experimental
for severe disorders lasting years that don’t respond to other Rx

48
Q

Psychodynamic model

A

unconscious psychological forces are dynamic
linked to early relationships/ traumatic childhood
theories= deterministic (nothing is accidental)
all behaviour is determined by past experiences

49
Q

Non-Freudian psychodynamic explanations

A

human functioning is shaped by dynamic psychological forces
ego theorists
self theorists
Object relation theorists

50
Q

Ego theorists

A

ego is more powerful than Freud thought (Sharf, 2015)

51
Q

Self theorists

A

self (unified personality)= basic human motive is to strengthen wholeness of self (Dunn, 2013)

52
Q

Object relation theorists

A

we’re motivated by need for relationships- severe problems lead to abnormal development (Yun, 2013)

53
Q

Id

A 
denotes instinctual needs, drives and impulses
pleasure principle (seeks gratification)
all id instincts= sexual/ libido fuels id
kids get pleasure from nursing, defecating, masturbating/ activities with sexual ties
54
Q

Ego

A

unconsciously seeks gratification
reality principle= reason, unacceptable to express id
acts as a guide
ego defence mechanisms control id impulses/ reduce anxiety they cause
repression stops impulses from reaching consciousness

55
Q

Defence mechanisms

A 
repression
projection
rationalisation
displacement
intellectualisation
regression
56
Q

Superego

A

grows from ego
conscience- represents one’s values/ ideals (which we unconsciously adopt from parents)
morality principle

57
Q

morality principle

A

sense of what’s right/ wrong

58
Q

Id/ego/superego conflict

A

constant
healthy= compromise/ effective working relationship
excessive leads to dyfunction

59
Q

Development

A

ageing- new events- i/e/s need adjustment- success- personal growth
failure= fixation at an early stage of development (hinders later development)
parents= key in early life so cause improper development

60
Q

Developmental stages (ages)

A 
Oral (0-1.5)
Anal (1.5-3)
Phallic (3-5)
Latency (5-12)
Genital (12-adult)
61
Q

Oral fixation

A

fear of mother disappearing
extreme dependence/ mistrust
prone to depression

62
Q

What theories are modern psychodynamic theories based on?

A

self/ object relations theory

63
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A 
aim to uncover past trauma/ resultant inner conflicts- resolve them
techniques:
free association
therapist interpretation
catharsis
working through
64
Q

Free association

A

patient describes any thought/ feeling/image that comes to mind (even if seemingly unimportant) to uncover unconscious events

65
Q

Dreams

A

reveal unconscious (less repressed)- manifest content, what’s remembered- therapist- latent= symbolic meaning

66
Q

Resistance

A

unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

67
Q

Transference

A

redirection towards psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in patient’s life (past/ present)
act with therapist as you would with them

68
Q

Catharsis

A

reliving past repressed feelings in order to settle internal feelings/ overcome problems

69
Q

Working through

A

examining same issues repeatedly (takes years)

70
Q

Short-term psychodynamic therapies

A

several short versions, pick a single (dynamic) problem to focus on
few studies have tested effectiveness, but do support

71
Q

Relational psychoanalytic therapy

A

therapist reactions, beliefs, disclosures are included- equal relationship with patient
Freud thought they should be neutral/ distant

72
Q

Psychodynamic cons

A

concepts= hard to research
id/ego= abstract, can’t know for certain they exist
research= mostly case study
However, long-term psychodynamic therapy helps in long-term complex disorders

73
Q

Behavioural model

A

life experiences
in/external behaviours= response to environment
learning principles

74
Q

Behavioural Rx

A 
replace via conditioning/ modelling
systematic desensitisation (CC) in phobias (fear hierarchy)- taught relaxation first
75
Q

Behavioural pros

A

can be tested in lab= measurable/ observable
can create clinical symptoms using these methods
research= helps with phobias, OCD, social deficits

76
Q

Behavioural cons

A

improvements in therapy may not carry on in real life/ continue without therapy
too simplistic
cognitive-behavioural model is better (eg self efficacy+ cognitive processes)

77
Q

Cognitive model

A

Early 60s- Ellis and Beck
disturbing/ inaccurate assumptions/ attitudes+ illogical thinking (eg overgeneralisation) lead to self-defeating conclusions

78
Q

Cognitive therapy

A 
recognise/ change faulty thinking processes
negative thoughts
biased interpretations
logical errors
Beck's approach= better than no Rx
79
Q

CBT

A

including group/ cyber
impressive
esp in MDD, PD, social phobia, sexual dysfunctions

80
Q

Cognitive cons

A

could be a consequence, not cause
changing cognition- ?enough/ general/ lasting
we’re more than just thoughts- consider value/ meaning/ approach to life (humanist-existential)

81
Q

ACT

A 
acceptance and commitment therapy
accept problematic thoughts
don't try to change them
mindfulness (pay attention to feelings)
helpful in anxiety and depression
82
Q

Other models

A

humanist-existential

sociocultural

Psychological Disorders (7 decks)

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