SYSTEMS - PLUMBING Flashcards
1 foot of Static Head how many PSI?
A Pressure Of 0.433 Psi Is Equivalent To 1 Foot Of Static Head.
In A Column Of Water Pressure Increases In Proportion To Depth.
When Pressure Is Expressed As A Unit Of Length In This Way It’s Called Static Head
1 PSI how many feet of staic head?
Equivalent To 2.31 Feet Of Static Head
COPPER PIPE - K
Thickest Walls Comes In Straight Length (Hard Temper) And Coils (Soft Temper). Used For Underground Supply Pipe Or Greater Strength As Needed.
commercial plumbing, HVAC, and sprinkler systems but most commonly found in underground water main installations.
COPPER PIPE - L
Thinner Walls Than Type K, Most Commonly Used For Most Of The Plumbing Systems And Buildings. Also Come Straight Or In Coils.
If a home is known to have water issues like hard water, Type L copper is often the go-to choice because hard water will not wear through the thicker walls as easily as they will through Type M pipe.
COPPER PIPE - M
Thinnest Of The Three In Street Links Only. Do Use For Low Pressures Involved Such As Branch Supply Lines, Chilled Water Systems, Expose Lines And Heating Systems, And Drainage Piping.
pe M copper pipe is a perfect fit and plenty durable if you are looking to run a water system in your home. In fact, its affordable price point makes it the most popular copper pipe for domestic water systems.
Best For: Domestic water lines.
COPPER PIPE - DWV
Used In Applications Not Subject To Pressure. Rarely Used. Copper Pipe Is Strong But Heating It With Flame And Soldering It
DWV stand for drain, waste, and vent—a helpful reminder that DWV pipe is approved for use only in drain and vent lines.
The thin walls on DWV copper pipe can only withstand a maximum pressure rating of 15 psi
PLASTIC PIPE - ABS
Short for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, this sturdy plastic was one of the first plastics used for residential plumbing.
ABS pipes are always black and tend to be softer than PVC. They are mainly used for vent and drain lines, along with other outdoor underground uses where cold temperatures are common.
PLASTIC PIPE - CPVC
hot and cold supply, sprinklers
This type of PVC has been treated with chlorine, making it more resistant to high temperatures and pressures. It’s commonly used in industrial plumbing and residential hot water lines that standard PVC wouldn’t be suited for.
PLASTIC PIPE - HDPE:
water supply, irrigation sprinklers, exterior drainage
HDPE: High-density polyethylene is so tough and durable that it can be used for virtually all plumbing needs. It can also reduce water pressure since it has a low coefficient of friction, allowing water to flow easily inside.
PLASTIC PIPE - PVC
cold water supply only, drainage
PVC: One of the most familiar types of plastic piping, polyvinyl chloride has a number of uses beyond water transfer. It’s commonly used for main water lines, but not hot water applications since it warps at temperatures higher than 140°F.
PLASTIC PIPE - PEX
Cross-linked polyethylene is used in home plumbing systems for hot and cold water pipes, as well as freshwater kitchen and bathroom systems. PEX pipes are generally color-coded so plumbers can easily identify hot and cold lines.
Gate Valve
Gate valves are on-off, non-throttling, and commonly used for shutting off the water in the building or a part of it (for maintenance)
Seats Metal Wedge Against Two Metal Parts Of The Bulb. Use The Word Control Either Completely On Or Off. No Turns. Low Friction Loss.
Gate valves are used in wastewater plants, power plants, and process plants for shut-off and for isolating service.
Globe Valve
Used Where Water Flow Frequently Controlled Such As Faucets Or Hose Bibs.
used practically anywhere a fluid flow must be shut off,
compressed-air line to a high-pressure, hydraulic system.
can provide low head-loss characteristics as the port can exactly match the pipe diameter. B
tend to seal better than butterfly valves, but they can be costlier to purchase and maintain.
Check Valve
Check valves and vacuum breakers prevent wastewater from contaminating the potable supply.
works automatically and allows water flow in only One Direction
for example backflow might contaminate a portable water supply, used on gas lines, for air service, and with pumps—anywhere that fluid needs to move in a single direction
Angle valve
sinks and lavatories, single handle faucet. One handle controls both hot and cold water and mixES the water
Butterfly Valve
are also on-off, non-throttling and are used in situations with large flows of fluids (large-diameter industrial piping)
quarter-turn valves which employ center-mounted circular flaps that swing into, and out of, the flow stream
Butterfly valves are used in wastewater plants, power plants, and process plants for shut-off and for regulating and isolating service and are especially popular in very large diameter pipelines.
Generally smaller and cheaper than a ball valve of the same capacity, butterfly valves can be difficult to operate against high pressure and flow. They are also more leak-prone than ball valves and subject to higher head losses.
Plug Valve
Plug Valves are quarter-turn valves used to control fluid flow through a pipe.
Plug valves are used for shut-off and are used as control valves for the chemical process industries, processing plants and wastewater treatment facilities,
Ball Valve
are on-off, can be used for throttling (like a faucet) and are marked by a quarter-turn-for-fully-on configuration.
ball Valves are quarter-turn valves incorporating ported spheres that swivel in the pipe stream to either block, or allow, flow.
Ball valves are used practically anywhere a fluid flow must be shut off, from a compressed-air line to a high-pressure, hydraulic system.
Needle Valve
Needle Valves are used to meter fluid flow through tubing or ports.
needle valves are used in vacuum systems and for metering systems where precise flow regulation is required. Because of the high number of turns required to close a needle valve, they are not ideally suited for use in shut- off service applications.
Pressure Relief Valve
protect pressurized systems such as boilers or piping from over-pressure conditions, usually by way of a spring-loaded diaphragm
Pinch Valve
Pinch Valves are mechanical devices used to control fluid and dry-product flow through pipes.
In a pinch valve, the tube itself is the only material in contact with the product in the pipe.
Pinch valves are used for flow regulating and shut-off of food slurries, dry products, sand, gravel, and the like.
P-traps
P-traps meet code,
but S-traps, crown-vented traps, bell traps, and drum traps don’t.
Thrust blocking:
concrete poured around a pipe bend to prevent it from shaking
Thermosiphon
Thermosiphon is a method of passive heat exchange, based on natural convection, which circulates a fluid without the necessity of a mechanical pump.
Hot water - commercial kitchen and industrial laundry
140F
Hot water - shower
110F
hot wayer - hand washing
105F
retention basin
retention basins hold a permanent pool of water and are referred to as wet ponds. In general, retention ponds require even more area than a detention pond. This is due to constraints in the allowable depth of water to maintain the vegetation on the pond. The level of water in the pond is maintained by setting the outlet structure above the pond bottom at the groundwater elevation.
detention basin
Detention basins provide only flood control measures and are known as dry ponds. The pond is intended to drain the stormwater within a period of time to make the volume available for the next storm event. This approach takes a lot of space and would greatly affect a constrained site.
detention vault
A stormwater detention vault is used for stormwater storage where there is not enough space for an above-ground facility. The excess stormwater run-off is slowly released to local storm sewers or stream. Underground storage structures are commonly located under parking lots.
hard water
Hard water impacts a number of chores and tasks a homeowner may do daily. It can impact laundry because hard water can interact with detergent and make it harder to clean clothes. It can clog pipes, and it can make coffee or tea taste different. It is not hazardous, however, and it does not appear discolored.
Which of the following types of septic systems should be used when the site has a high water table, the previous system has failed, and there is a shallow bedrock? Select the best answer.
Mound
Seepage Pit
Sand Filter
Drainage Field
Sand filters are used when a previous system has failed, there is high ground water, shallow bedrock, or poor soil.
Mounds require there to be 5 feet above the water table. Seepage pits require porous soil to a depth of 10-15 feet. Drainage fields require porous soil but are not very effective in conditions with a high water table.
Conventional boilers
can supply central heating and hot water for sinks, baths and showers. They require a cold water supply tank and a hot water storage cylinder. Cold water supplied from the tank is heated by the boiler and then stored in the cylinder until required.
Because there is a ‘reservoir’ of stored hot water, they can supply more than one use at the same time. For example, a shower and a sink. However, once the hot water in the cylinder has been used, it can take quite a long time for it to be replaced by the boiler. They also required space for the tank and cylinder.
• Fire Tube Boiler
A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases pass from a fire through one or more tubes running through a sealed container of water.… The general construction is as a tank of water penetrated by tubes that carry the hot flue gases from the fire.
• Water Tube Boiler
• Water Tube Boiler:
water tubes are arranged inside a furnace. Gives high steam production rates but less storage capacity. Generally preferred in high pressure application since high pressure water/steam is contained within small diameter pipes
• Modular Boiler
• Modular Boiler:
packaged boiler system that operate in parallel or series to provide varying amounts of steam. Typically most efficient when run at full capacity.
• Packaged Type Boiler
• Packaged Type Boiler:
comes in a compact package, requires only the steam, water
pie work, fuel supply and electrical connection.
• Electric Boiler
• Electric Boiler:
steam is generated using electricity rather than the combustion of a fuel. More expensive than gas run boilers but are simple and easy to use.
Combination boilers,
Combination boilers, or ‘combi boilers’, supply central heating and hot water directly from the water supply, without the need for a water tank or hot water cylinder.
Because hot water is supplied ‘instantaneously’ rather than being stored and then used, they can provide unlimited hot water on demand, and are useful where there is limited space availability. This can be a more efficient type of boiler, as the hot water is used immediately, rather than being stored.
However, as there is no reservoir of hot water, when there are multiple simultaneous uses, the pressure may drop. This may make them best suited to smaller, lower-occupancy properties.
Biomass boilers
Biomass boilers run on renewable fuels such as wood pellets. The emissions produced by biomass boilers are much lower than emissions from fossil fuels and traditional boiler types. This is because the carbon dioxide emitted is the same amount that was absorbed while the plant was growing.
• Septic Tank
• An underground tank where sewage collects. Solid material sits and liquid effluent passes on to a leach field which is a grid of ceramic pipe laid underground that allows liquid to pass out over a bed of gravel and into the soil.
• Leach Field:
Grid of ceramic pipe laid underground, with the intersection not quite touching, so that effluent leaks out over a bed of gravel which filters the waste before it seeps into the soil.
Cesspools (Sewpage Pit):
- Cheapest system, but the least desirable, too.
- Most places don’t allow them
- They’re an underground, porous chamber where sewage soaks into the
surrounding ground until it gets clogged.
• Then it’s capped and a new cesspool is dug.
• Aerobic Treatment waste water System:
- Like a septic tank system, but uses an aerobic process for digestion rather than just anaerobic process used in septic.
- Produces a high quality second effluent which can be sterilized and used for surface irrigation
- More flexibility for location of leach field, as well as its size
Mound
- Built up drainage field above existing grade
- Used when there’s a high water table or a lack of permeable soil
Turbidity
suspended material in water, such as salt, clay and organic material.
Not hazardous. Unpleasant, can be treated by filtration
Color problems and odor problems
Color problems and odor problems - caused by organic matter, inorganic salts, or dissolved gases.
oder can be corrected with filtration through activated carbon. Color problems but can be corrected by fine filtration or chlorination.
Biological contamination
Biological contamination - bacteria and viruses etc. dangerous to health.
Coli bacteria most well-known of this group. Often in well water.
Legionella causes legionnaire’s disease. Grow in warm water like cooling towers and conditioning systems, large plumbing systems and hot tubs.
Distillation
Distillation - treated by boiling and then condensing the vapor. Very clean water with all solids bacteria salt and other materials removed. Often used to treat seawater.
aeration
aeration - or oxidation.
Used to improve the taste and color of water. As much of water as possible exposed to air through use of sprays fountains of waterfalls. Drinking water should be aerated then enclosed
static head max
Water can’t be sucked up at a height greater than 33 feet because that is the static head equivalent of atmospheric pressure at 14.7 psi
Toilet: Required PSI, Average Water Use
25 psi
3-5 gallons per flush
Shower: Required PSI, Average Water Use
Shower
12 psi
3 gallons per minute
Washing Machine: Required PSI, Average Water Use
8 psi
4 gallons per minute / 40 gallons per load
Culvert
• Culvert: drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically a
large diameter concrete or metal pipe often used under a road
According to the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 1992, what are the maximum allowable gallons per flush?
1.6 gallons.
