FORMULAS, DEFINITIONS, CONVERSIONS Flashcards
1kip
1kip = 1000lbs - unit of force
convert square feet to square yards
divide by 9
convert Cubic feed to cubic yard
divide by 27
1 acre
43560 square feet, and 4840 square yards in 1 acre, (208 feet on each side)
tons to pounds
1 ton = 2000 pounds
1 horsepower
1 horsepower = 2544 BTU/hr,
foot lambert to candela candela to lumen
1 FL = 0.3183 candela / sf
1 candela = 12.57 lumens
1 PSI how many feet of static head?
1 PSI = 2.31 Feet Of Static Head
10 psi available x 2.31 = 20.31 available height!
Allowable max BEAM STRESS - FORMULA
F = M / S
ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS = MAX.MOMENT / SECTION MODULUS
COLUMN SLENDERNESS RATIO
SLENDERNESS RATIO = L / R
L=Length
R = RADIUS OF GYRATION
Windload formula
Wind load / sf * area normal to wind = windload
Allowable Beam Deflection
The maximum vertical displacement of the member as it bows under loading. These limits vary depending on code requirements, but may be similar to L/180, L/240, L/360, or L/480
A beam spans 20’. How many inches will it be allowed to deflect if required to meet a maximum of L/240?
20’ * 12” = 240” > 240” / 240 = 1” Allowable deflection
Modulus of Elasticity of steel
29,000,000 psi
area of circle
A = π r²
area of sphere
A=4πr2
1 kip/in2. = ? psi
1 kip-force/square inch = 1000 psi
Pressure P formula
Pressure P is defined as
P=F/A
where F is a force applied to an area A that is perpendicular to the force.
actual dimension of 2x4?
1-1/2 x 3-1/2
Board-feet
is an approximation of the volume of lumber needed,
measured in nominal dimensions.
A 1x10 that is 8 feet long is 1x10x8’/12=6.7 board-feet.

joist notches
boreholes
joist notches cannot exceed 1⁄6 of joist depth and may not be located in the middle third of the beam
boreholes annot exceed 40% of stud depth
11 metals in order of Galvanic series, in the presence of sea water from worst to best
Zinc
Aluminum
Steel,
Iron
304 Stainless Steel (Active)
Copper,Bronze,Brass
Tin
Lead
316 Stainless Steel (Active)
Titanium
304 Stainless Steel (Passive)
Gold
zippers allure strangers ironically to 304 active strangers,
Cops timidly Lead 316 active strangers with Tits to 304 passive strangers in gold.
1 sack of cement weight? how much water?
4 to 4.5 gallons of water per 94 lb sack of cement
Rebar overlap
Rebar overlap is 30x rebar diameter Bottom bars resist bending at midspan, stirrups resist diagonal forces at either end of the beam
Temperature at a point in a wall - Formula
Toutside + [(Rvalue outside of point in wall/Rvalue total) x ΔT]
1 horsepower?
1 ton of cooling ?
1 horsepower = 2544 BTU/hr,
1 ton of cooling = 12,000 BTU/hr
calculate daylighting:
- Measure from bottom of floor to the top of the window (doesn’t matter how big it is)
- You can go 2.5x that length into the building for lighting penetration
- Daylighting Factor
max = 0.2 (window area/floor area)
min = 0.1 (window area/floor area)
• Remember…it should be between 1% - 5%!
CFM formula
cfm=(space volume) x ACH / (60 min/hr)
Start with the total volume of air (in cubic feet), divide by the exchange rate (ach/ how quickly you want to replace the air), and the result is the total CFM (cubic feet per minute) you need for your system
how many db to decrease sound by half
3db
Sound - Inverse square law
intensity of sound at any given point is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of sound
I1 / I2 = R22 / R12
Additions of decibels - Difference 0-1 Db
add 3 db to higher value
Additions of decibels - Difference 2-3 Db
add 2 db to higher value
Additions of decibels - Difference 4-8 Db
add 1 db to higher value
Additions of decibels - Difference 9- or more Db
dd 0 db to higher value
Energy CALC
E = P*T
Energy = Power * time
measured in watt hours or kilo watt hours
Series circuit
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3
Parallel circuit
1/ Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
ohms law mnemonic
Woman Are Virgins
Watt = Amps x Volts
Virgins Are Rare
Volt = Amps x Resistance (ohm)
LIGHT: Point source - Surface Perpendicular to source: formula
E = i / d^2
illumination (footcandles) = candle power (candelas) / distance^2 (ft2)
Inverse square law
LIGHT: Point source - Surface not Perpendicular to source: formula
E = I*cos Angle / D^2
illumination = candle power* cos Angle / distance^2 (sf)
footcandles= (candelas) * cos Angle / f^2
efficacy formula
Efficacy =
(Luminaire Efficiency * Total Lamp Lumens * Ballast Factor) / Total Power Input
Typical indoor illuminance
10 to 100 fc
Need at least 1 footcandle at the floor for egress.